An Annotated Bibliography on the current status and product development of Tilapia in Fiji, Samoa and Tonga An Annotated Bibliography on the current status and product development of Tilapia in Fiji, Samoa and Tonga G. Robin South Faculty of Business & Economics, The University of the South Pacific Alafua Campus, Apia, Samoa Cherie Morris & Shirleen Bala Institute of Marine Resources The University of the South Pacific Suva, Fiji June 2012 Pacific Agribusiness Research for Development Initiative (PARDI) Project 2010/002: Value Adding and supply chain development for fisheries and aquaculture products in Fiji, Samoa and Tonga i This publication should be cited as: Preface South, G.R., Morris, C. & Bala, S. 2012. Annotated Bibliography on the Current Status and Product Development of Tilapia in Fiji, Samoa and Tonga. Suva, Fiji: School of Marine Studies, Tilapia is one of the most cultured freshwater fish in the world, and is farmed in more than 100 FSTE, USP. SMS Technical Report 02/2012. 36pp. countries (Norman-Lopez & Bjorndal, 2009). A hardy and prolific, fast-growing tropical fish, it requires low input during grow-out periods and can be farmed successfully on any level, from extensive to intensive culture in ponds, tanks or raceways (Fitzsimmons, 2006). It is disease ©School of Marine Studies, USP resistant, tolerant of poor water quality, can eat a wide range of food types and be cultured in fresh or brackish water. Chemicals and antibiotics are not necessary for commercial farming (Fitzsimmons, 2008). Published by School of Marine Studies, Faculty of Science, Technology & Environment, USP, Introduced into the Pacific Islands region in the 1950s, tilapia became a commodity for culture Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji. due to its low-cost and success in other regions. For Fiji and Samoa, tilapia was for human consumption and as potential pig feed (Costa- Pierce, 1998), although in Tonga it became an unsuccessful attempt to control mosquitoes. Fiji and Papua New Guinea both have policies of ISBN : 978-982-9143-12-9 government support for tilapia farming in rural areas. Household-scale tilapia farming is common in the Pacific but medium-scale enterprises are now on the increase (Teri & Front & Back Cover photograph: Pickering, 2009). Morris, C., 2009, Tilapia harvest at Navua Farm, Fiji. Efforts in value adding of tilapia have been minimal in the Pacific (www.spc.int). Tilapia is Layout and Design: Dikoila A. Valemei mostly sold live or fresh in bundles but interestingly in Papua New Guinea, cooked tilapia (fried) is sold on the roadsides (Ponia & Mobiha, 2002). Simple village level post-harvest Printed by: University of the South Pacific processing, such as smoking may exist in some countries (www.spc.int) but proper documentation is absent. This annotated bibliography was developed as part of the Scoping Study for PARDI 2010/002 © School of Marine Studies prepared by South, G.R., et al., 2011. Scoping study for Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Suva: Institute of Marine Resources, School of Marine Studies, FSTE, USP. References are specific All rights reserved. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for to the Pacific or are directly related to the project. Most of the references are annotated. educational or nonprofit purposes without the permission of the copyright holders provided that due acknowledgement of the source is given. This publication may not be copied, or References distributed electronically, for resale or other commercial purposes without prior permission, in writing, from the School of Marine Studies. Costa-Pierce, B.A. (1998). Market-driven tilapia aquaculture development: results from a domestic and export marketing and industry study for Fiji. Aquaculture '98 Book of Abstracts, pp.122. Fitzsimmons, K. (2008). Tilapia product quality and new product forms for international markets. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Cairo, Egypt, October 12-14. Fitzsimmons, K. (2006). Prospects and potential for global production, In: Lim, C. & Webster, C.D. (eds.), Tilapia biology, culture and nutrition. New York: Haworth Press, pp.51-72. Norman-López, A., & Bjørndal, T. (2009). Is tilapia the same product worldwide or are markets segmented? Aquaculture Economics Management, 13(2): 138-154. Ponia, B. & Mobiha, A. (2002). Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea. SPC Fisheries Newsletter 101: 18-25. Teri, J. & Pickering, T. (2009). Productivity and constraints in tilapia fish and freshwater prawn aquaculture in Fiji. ACIAR Mini-Project MS0507. ii iii An Annotated Bibliography on the current status and Mjoun, K., Rosentrater, K.A. & Brown, M.L. (2010). Tilapia: profile and economic importance. South Dakota, US: South Dakota State University. product development of Tilapia in Fiji, Samoa and Tonga An economic profile of Tilapia showing its world production and trade figures along with the latest US production and consumption figures. A comparison is also made between the nutrient composition of raw tilapia, raw ground beef and raw chicken breast. Biology http://pubstorage.sdstate.edu/AgBio_Publications/articles/FS963-01.pdf Macaranas, J. M., Mather, P. B., Lal, S. N., Vereivalu, T., Lagibalavu, M., & Capra, M. F. (1997). Genotype and environment: a comparative evaluation of four tilapia stocks in Nelson, S., & Eldredge, L.G. (1991). Distribution and status of introduced cichlid fishes Fiji. Aquaculture, 150(1-2): 11-24. of the genera Oreochromis and Tilapia in the islands of the South Pacific and Micronesia. Asian Fisheries Science, 4(1): 11-22. The reproductive, survival and growth performance of four tilapia strains in Fiji, namely Oreochromis mossambicus (M), `Israel' Oreochromis niloticus (NI), `Chitralada' O. Fishes of the genera Tilapia and Oreochromis have become established in a variety of niloticus (NC) and Red tilapia hybrid (R) were evaluated in two culture environments habitats on numerous islands of the South Pacific and Micronesia. Reproductive currently used in Fiji (integrated and non-integrated farming) for three generations. Results populations of tilapias can be found in lakes, reservoirs, streams, rivers, mangroves and showed significant differences among strains in all traits. Overall, the M strain had the shallow lagoons. The reasons for the introductions include mosquito control, aquatic weed highest breeding efficiency and average fecundity but the poorest growth rate. The NI control, culture, stock enhancement and accidental release. Consequences of the strain showed the highest survival and a good growth rate but low breeding efficiency and introduction of tilapias have ranged from dramatic improvements of inland fisheries and fecundity. Although the R strain showed a good growth rate in favorable environments, it the significant development of subsistence and commercial aquaculture to detrimental was prone to stress under less optimal conditions and had a relatively low survival rate effects both on indigenous species and on traditional fish culture systems. and only average fecundity. The NC strain showed the best growth rate and feed conversion efficiency, relatively good breeding efficiency but average fecundity and survival. Based on a weighted performance across all traits, the NC strain was identified Culture as the best performing strain in Fijian conditions. Significant genotype-environment interactions estimated during harvest were due to a strong rank interaction in the R strain and also magnitude interactions in the NC and NI strains. Growth performance of the M De Silva, S.S., Subasinghe, R.P., Bartley, D.M. & Lowther, A. (2004). Tilapias as alien strain showed the lowest response to quality of culture environment. Future approaches aquatics in Asia and the Pacific: a review. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 453. Rome, to improving tilapia production in Fiji are discussed. FAO. Tilapias are not native to Asia but have been a significant component of inland fisheries McKinna, E. M., Nandlal, S., Mather, P. B., & Hurwood, D. A. (2010). An investigation of and aquaculture in the region for over half a century. They have been introduced into over the possible causes for the loss of productivity in genetically improved farmed tilapia 90 countries worldwide, with a global distribution second only to common carp. The strain in Fiji: inbreeding versus wild stock introgression. Aquaculture Research, 41(11): contribution of tilapias to global aquaculture production has increased over the past three 730-742. decades with production in 2002 exceeding 1.5 million tonnes with an estimated value of US$1.8 billion. The average annual growth rate in aquaculture and capture fisheries Four microsatellite markers and a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragment were used to production of tilapias from 1970 to 2002 has been 13.2 percent and 3.5 percent, investigate two possible explanations for a reported decline in productivity of genetically respectively. In the present context of development, success of a species is determined improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) in Fiji: (i) a decline in genetic diversity (GD) and (ii) genetic not only by its contribution to production per se, but also by its social, cultural, economic introgression from feral tilapia populations. Genetic diversity was estimated using θ and and environmental impacts. Although tilapia has been associated with adverse allelic richness, while Bayesian clustering was used to assign individuals to genetic groups environmental impacts, detailed analysis of the literature suggested that other factors,