WaterWater Working Working Notes Notes Note No. 24, April 2010 CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBAN WATER UTILITIES: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES Alexander Danilenko Eric Dickson Michael Jacobsen Water Working Notes are published by the Water Sector Board of the Sustainable Development Network of the World Bank Group. Working Notes are lightly edited documents intended to elicit discussion on topical issues in the water sector. Comments should be e-mailed to the authors. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................................................................vi Abbreviations and Acronyms .........................................................................................................................................................................vii Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................................................................................ix 1. Climate Change and Water Resources .................................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Climate Change and Water Utilities ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 2.1 Fundamental Challenges on Water Utilities ...................................................................................................................5 2.2 The Climate Change Challenge .............................................................................................................................................6 3. Framework for Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................................. 11 3.1 Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity Assessment ....................................................................................................11 3.2 Mapping Utility Vulnerability ................................................................................................................................................12 3.3 Preparing for Adaptation .........................................................................................................................................................12 3.4 Regrets Analyses for Climate Change Adaptation ...................................................................................................13 4. Framework for Adaptation ......................................................................................................................................................................... 17 4.1 Climate Monitoring .....................................................................................................................................................................17 4.2 Water Availability ..........................................................................................................................................................................18 4.3 Actions to Protect Water Quality ........................................................................................................................................28 5. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 5.1 The Role of the World Bank ....................................................................................................................................................34 Annex 1: Analysis of Questionnaire ........................................................................................................................................................... 35 Annex 2: Utilities Taking Action .................................................................................................................................................................... 43 A.2.1 Public Utilities Board, Singapore .........................................................................................................................................43 A.2.2 Empresa Metropolitana de Abastecimiento y Saneamiento de Aguas de Sevilla (EMASESA): Seville, Spain .........................................................................................................................................................44 A.2.3 Seattle Public Utility: Seattle, USA ......................................................................................................................................44 A.2.4 Melbourne Water: Melbourne, Australia ........................................................................................................................48 A.2.5 City of Windhoek, Namibia .....................................................................................................................................................51 A.2.6 New York City: New York, USA ..............................................................................................................................................53 A.2.7 Manila Water Company: Manila, Philippines ...............................................................................................................55 A.2.8 Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (ISKI): Istanbul, Turkey ..........................................................57 Annex 3: Searching For Solutions ............................................................................................................................................................... 59 A.3.1 Water and Sanitation Agency: Rawalpindi, Pakistan ..............................................................................................59 A.3.2 Office National de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement (ONEA): Burkina Faso .....................................................................................................................................................................................59 A.3.3 Nairobi Water Company: Nairobi, Kenya ........................................................................................................................60 iii Climate Change and Urban Water Utilities: Challenges & Opportunities A.3.4 Servicio de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado (SEDAPAL): Lima, Peru .................................................................61 A.3.5 Dhaka Water Supply & Sewerage Authority (DWASA): Dhaka, Bangladesh ............................................62 A.3.6 ROSVODOKANAL: Russia/Ukraine ......................................................................................................................................62 A.3.7 Tianjin Water Company: Tianjin, China............................................................................................................................63 Glossary of terms...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65 References ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 69 Boxes Box 1.1: Groundwater Pollution in Hanoi, Vietnam ......................................................................................................................2 Box 1.2: Groundwater overexploitation in Jakarta, Indonesia ...............................................................................................3 Box 2.1: Extreme Vulnerability of Dhaka, Bangladesh .................................................................................................................5 Box 3.1: Water Utility Climate Alliance, USA ...................................................................................................................................15 Box 4.1: Monitoring for Climate Change .........................................................................................................................................18 Box 4.2: Ofwat, United Kingdom ..........................................................................................................................................................18 Box 4.3: New York City Water Conservation Program ..............................................................................................................21 Box 4.4: Sydney Water Conservation Program .............................................................................................................................24 Box 4.5: Roofwater Harvesting ...............................................................................................................................................................25 Box 4.6: Nairobi Water Company ..........................................................................................................................................................26 Box 4.7: Water reclamation, Windhoek, Namibia ........................................................................................................................27 Box 4.8: Desalination and Wastewater Treatment in Melbourne