© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & BartlettPART Learning, 1 LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Theories and © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONConcepts NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Ethics ...................... 2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 2 NOTIntroduc FORtion SALE to Bioethics OR DISTRIBUTION and Ethical Decision Making ......................... 27 CHAPTER 3 Ethics in Professional Nursing Practice ....... 59 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR© Gajus/iStock/GettySALE ImagesOR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284171204_CH01.indd 1 04/10/18 11:53 AM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284171204_CH01.indd 2 04/10/18 11:53 AM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Gajus/iStock/Getty© Jones Images & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORIntroduction SALE OR DISTRIBUTION to EthicsNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Karen L. Rich LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION A seed will only become a flower if it gets sun and water. —Louis Gottschalk © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OBJECTIVESNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to do the following: 1. Define the terms ethics and morals and discuss philosophical uses of these terms. 2. Discuss systems of moral reasoning as they have been used throughout history. © Jones & Bartlett3. Evaluate Learning, a variety of ethical LLC theories and approaches to use© inJones personal & and Bartlett professional Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALErelationships. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ▸ Introduction to Ethics Ethical directives are not always clearly evident, and people sometimes disagree about © Jones & Bartlett Learning,In the world LLC today, “we are in the throes© of Jones a what & isBartlett right and Learning, wrong. These LLC factors lead NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONgiant ethical leap that is essentially embracingNOT FORsome SALE people ORto believe DISTRIBUTION ethics can be based all of humankind” (Donahue, 1996, p. 484). merely on personal opinions. However, if Scientific and technological advances, eco- nurses are to enter into the global dialogue nomic realities, pluralistic worldviews, and about ethics, they must do more than practice global communication make it difficult for ethics based simply on their personal opin- nurses© to Jones ignore the& Bartlettimportant Learning,ethical issues LLCions, their intuition, or the ©unexamined Jones &beliefs Bartlett Learning, LLC in theNOT world FORcommunity, SALE their OR everyday DISTRIBUTION lives, proposed by other people.NOT It is important FOR SALE for OR DISTRIBUTION and their work. As controversial and sensitive nurses to have a basic understanding of the ethical issues continue to challenge nurses and concepts, principles, approaches, and theories other healthcare professionals, many profes- used in studying ethics throughout history so sionals have begun to develop an appreciation they can identify and analyze ethical issues and © Jones &for Bartlett traditional Learning, philosophies LLCof ethics and the dilemmas© relevantJones to & nurses Bartlett in the Learning, 21st cen- LLC NOT FORdiverse SALE viewpoints OR DISTRIBUTION of others. tury. Mature,NOT ethical FOR sensitivities SALE OR are criticalDISTRIBUTION to 3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284171204_CH01.indd 3 04/10/18 11:53 AM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to Ethics ethical practice, and as Hope (2004) proposed, Throughout history, people, based on their “we need to© develop Jones our & hearts Bartlett as well Learning, as our culture, LLC have engaged in actions ©they Jones believe & Bartlett Learning, LLC minds” (p. 6).NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONare justifiable only to have the lightNOT of reason FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION later show otherwise. Following a charismatic but egocentric leader such as Adolf Hitler is an The Meaning of Ethics and Morals example of such a practice. When narrowly defined according to its origi- © Jonesnal use, & ethics Bartlett is a branch Learning, of philosophy LLC used to © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTstudy FOR ideal SALE human OR behavior DISTRIBUTION and ways of being. ETHICAL REFLECTIONNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The approaches to ethics and the meanings of related concepts have varied over time among Consider a person who believes abortion is philosophers and ethicists. For example, Ar- wrong based on the position that human life istotle believed ideal behaviors are practices is sacred. Can this same person logically justify © Jones & Bartlettleading Learning, to the end LLC goal of eudaimonia, which © Jonesthat the death& Bartlett penalty is Learning,a moral action? LLC NOT FOR SALE ORis synonymous DISTRIBUTION with a high level of happiness NOTDiscuss. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION or well-being; on the other hand, Immanuel Kant, an 18th-century philosopher and eth- icist, believed ideal behavior is acting in ac- As contrasted with ethics, morals are cordance with one’s duty. For Kant, well-being specific beliefs, behaviors, and ways of being meant having© theJones freedom & Bartlettto exercise Learning,auton- derived LLC from doing ethics. One’s© morals Jones are & Bartlett Learning, LLC omy (self-determination),NOT FOR SALEnot being OR used DISTRIBUTION as judged to be good or bad throughNOT systematic, FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a means to an end, being treated with dignity, ethical analysis. The reverse of morality is im- and having the capability to think rationally. morality, which means a person’s behavior is As a philosophical discipline of study, in opposition to accepted societal, religious, ethics is a systematic approach to understand- cultural, or professional ethical standards © Jonesing, analyzing, & Bartlett and distinguishingLearning, LLCmatters of and principles;© examples Jones of& immoralityBartlett Learning,in- LLC NOTright FOR and SALE wrong, ORgood DISTRIBUTIONand bad, and admirable clude dishonesty,NOT fraud, FOR murder, SALE and sexuallyOR DISTRIBUTION and dishonorable as they relate to the well-being abusive acts. Amoral is a term used to refer of and the relationships among sentient beings. to actions normally judged as immoral, but Today, even relationships between people and the actions are done with a lack of concern their environment have entered the realm of eth- for good character, one’s duty, or the conse- © Jones & Bartlettics. Learning, Ethical determinations LLC are applied through © quences.Jones For& Bartlettexample, murder Learning, is immoral, LLC but NOT FOR SALE ORthe useDISTRIBUTION of theories, approaches, and codes of NOTif a person FOR commits SALE murderOR DISTRIBUTION with absolutely no conduct,