Saving Raised Dots: A Feel for Braille Materials and Preservation Helen Kuncicky December 10, 2007 Introduction Braille books are, in essence, no different than the printed books from which they are transcribed. They contain the same words and convey the same meaning. The only difference between a Braille book and its printed counterpart is textual three- dimensionality. This may seem like a small difference, but it is vital to its blind readers, for whom three-dimensionality is necessary for comprehension. For the field of library professionals, however, three-dimensional text creates concerns not seen in ordinary, flat- printed books. These problems begin with materials and manufacture and continue through housing, shelving, handling, damage and repair. This paper will explore the issues regarding the preservation of Braille documents. In addition to a review of the electronic and print resources on the subject, a survey was conducted to determine the actual issues faced by librarians in the housing and maintenance of Braille documents. A link to the survey is listed in the bibliography, and a printed summary of the survey results can be provided upon request. The paper is divided into six parts, the first two being a history of Braille and an overview of the methods and materials used in the manufacture of Braille books. There is a section on potential issues in Braille preservation, followed by the survey results which give testimony to some of the actual problems currently seen in libraries housing Braille documents. The final section discusses the current practices for preservation of Braille books, and the conclusion suggests topics for further research in the area of Braille preservation. 2 I. History of Braille Braille was invented by Louis Braille, a blind fifteen-year-old, in 1824. Prior to this invention, books for the blind were made by embossing regular letters on paper, which was time-consuming to make and read. The Braille system, which is composed of raised dots in cells of two dots high by three dots wide (see Figure 1), was not adopted as a standard until 1854, when France made it the “official communications system for blind people” (Paula Kimbrough, “How Braille Began”). Figure 1 (Source: http://www.braillecards.co.uk/whats_braille/) A form of modified Braille, developed by Joel W. Smith in the 1870’s, was used by students at the Perkins School for the Blind. This system eventually became known as American Braille. However, Braille was not the only system used for reading and writing by the blind. The New York Point system was invented by William Bell Wait in the 1860’s. This system consisted of dots arranged in cells two dots high and of variable width depending on the character. The idea behind this system was to save space with the variable width of the cells. 3 These two systems, New York Point and American Braille, were both used in the United States for decades. Certain institutions preferred one over the other, and typewriters and printing processes were developed for each system. Many individuals had strong feelings regarding which system was preferable and should be used in schools and institutions. In 1909, two hearings were held by the New York Board of Education to determine which type of writing would be taught in its public school classes for the blind. American Braille was ultimately selected because it had a better system of capitalization and punctuation than New York Point. In 1910, the American Printing House for the Blind in Louisville, Kentucky, which is the largest printing house in the world for raised- type books, and which had previously printed only in New York Point, decided to also print in American Braille. Ironically, after all the disagreements between factions who supported one of these systems over the other, a third system ultimately won out. The American Commission on Uniform Type decided in 1916 that schools and printing presses for the blind should use Revised Braille, which is a form of Braille based on the British Braille system. In 1918, the American Association of Instructors of the Blind adopted Revised Braille grade 1 ½ as the official writing system to be used in America, which is still in use today. In addition to the various Braille writing systems, a separate system, called Moon Type, was invented by Dr. William Moon in 1845. This system is a modified form of the Roman alphabet which is embossed onto paper (see Figure 2). It tends to be more easily learned by people who go blind late in life than the small, raised dots of Braille. 4 However, like the early forms of embossed letters, this type is considerably more time- consuming to print than Braille. Because of its ease of use for older blind readers, this system of type is still in use as well. Figure 2 (Source: http://www.moonliteracy.org.uk/whatis.htm) The contentious history of raised type makes it clear that the preservation of Braille documents is not limited to currently circulating books, many of which may in fact be replaceable (as many modern print books are replaceable). Outside of circulating collections, there are documents going back nearly two hundred years that provide primary evidence of the evolution of raised type. If any number of these documents has been saved, there is clearly a need to attend to the preservation of them for historical purposes. II. Methods and Materials of Braille Manufacture The initial method of manufacturing Braille type was with a slate and stylus. The slate is a template which allows the user to emboss paper with the stylus (see Figure 3). 5 Throughout the history of Braille, these have been made from metal, wood, plastic, and rubber. The slate and stylus method is still in use, although it is less favorable than other, more modern methods because it requires that the user write backwards so that when the paper is turned over the embossing will read left-to-right. Figure 3 (Source: http://www.afb.org/braillebug/braille_technology.asp) In addition to the slate and stylus, other personal Braille writings mechanisms were developed, including various types of Braille typewriters that have been produced since the 1880’s. More recently, there have been electronic Braille writers and devices made to allow personal computers to output Braille type. One example of these is the Braille display, which functions as follows: Braille displays provide braille access to computers by converting the information on a computer screen into braille. In response to information from the computer, braille is produced on the display by pins that are raised and lowered (refreshed) in combinations to form braille characters. Braille notetakers are portable devices that allow a user to take notes by inputting standard braille characters using a braille-style or QWERTY keyboard. Some of these devices also allow users interaction with the text through synthesized speech, a braille display, or both. Some allow the text 6 to be edited and translated from the braille characters to their print equivalents. (Freddie L Peaco, “Braille Literacy: Resources for Instruction, Writing Equipment, and Supplies”). In terms of published books, Braille materials were not standardized until 1966. For almost 150 years, published Braille was printed on and with materials at the discretion of the publisher. This includes materials printed from hand transcribing services offered by public libraries nationwide. It is possible that there were common understandings of the best types of paper and machinery to use, and of ways it should be stored, however it is likely that many of these historical documents have widely varying sizes and weights of paper and binding styles. According to the 1971 Commission on Standards, the following are the requirements for production of Braille books, pamphlets, and magazines, which are also recommended for all personally transcribed Braille materials. The standards included are not all of the ones listed, but are the ones most relevant to the topic of preservation. (National Accreditation Council for Agencies Serving the Blind and Visually Handicapped, Standards for Production of Reading Materials for the Blind and Visually Handicapped, September 1970). The height, base diameter, and spacing of dots is specified (Section 4.3). For hand transcribing, the paper is specified to be not less than 80 pound weight and no larger than 11 by 11.5 inches. (Section 4.15.2.2) “The maximum number of pages for a one-side, hand transcribed volume is 90 pages” (Section 4.21) 7 The binding should have “sturdy covers” that “adequately protect the Braille embossing and keep the pages intact while allowing them to lie flat for reading” (Section 4.22). For press-produced Braille materials, the paper weight is specified at 80 pound or more for general-use books, at least 90 pound (but preferably 100 pound) for manuals in the instruction of Braille, and at least 70 pound for magazines (Section 4.24) The books should be “durably bound in cloth covered board bindings, using a .90-point Davey board…(Linear polyethylene plastic material offers acceptable quality). (Section 4.26.1.1) Pamphlet and magazine bindings can be plastic comb or saddle stitch, with heavy paper or plastic covers (Section 4.26.3) Interpoint (two-sided) books are limited to a maximum of 300 pages for large works such as dictionaries, 250 pages in general, and 100 pages for magazines. (Section 4.27) Specifications are also given for the quality of mailing containers for Braille materials: “Magazines consisting of a single volume of 100 pages or less are mailed in strong Kraft envelopes.” (Section 4.28.2) “Magazines consisting of two or more volumes are packaged in strong corrugated boxes of suitable size, or in suitable padded bags in which the Braille materials do not shift about” (Section 4.28.3) 8 For books, it says only that “Mailing containers are of a quality to protect Braille materials through the mails without damage”.