HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT CARMEL-BY-THE-SEA Prepared For The City of Carmel-by-the-Sea By Teresa Grimes and Leslie Heumann Leslie Heumann and Associates September 1994 Revised By Glory Anne Laffey Archives & Architecture May 31, 1996 Adopted January 7, 1997 Updated By Architectural Resources Group, Inc. Adopted by City Council September 9, 2008 Certified by the California Coastal Commission November 12, 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS 0.0 Preamble. ... 4 1.0 Introduction 1.1 The Historic Context Statement . 4 1.2 Location and Boundaries of Carmel-by-the-Sea . 5 1.3 Community Character and Values . 5 1.4 Overview of Themes . 5 1.5 Gender and Ethnicity . 6 2.0 Prehistory and Hispanic Settlement (1542-1846) 2.1 The Original Inhabitants . 7 2.2 Early European Exploration . 7 2.3 Hispanic Settlement . 8 2.4 Associated Property Types . 10 2.4.1 Identification . 10 2.4.2 Description . 11 2.4.3 Significance ……….. …….. 11 3.0 Economic Development (1846-1965) 3.1 Early Agriculture and Industry . 12 3.1.1 Ranching and Farming . 12 3.1.2 Whaling and Fishing Industries . 13 3.1.3 Extractive Industries . 14 3.2 Business and Tourism . 15 3.2.1 Real Estate . 15 3.2.2 Ocean Avenue Business District . 19 3.2.3 Tourism . 22 3.3 Transportation . 24 3.4 Associated Resource Types . 25 3.4.1 Identification . 25 3.4.2 Description . 25 3.4.3 Significance …... 27 4.0 Government, Civic and Social Institutions (1903-1965) 4.1 Civic Development and Incorporation . 28 4.2 Public Services . 30 4.2.1 Communication . 30 4.2.2 Utilities . 31 4.2.3 Health Care . 32 4.2.4 Fire and Police Departments. 32 4.3 Educational and Religious Institutions . 33 4.4 Social and Recreational Institutions . 36 4.5 Associated Resource Types . 38 4.5.1 Identification . 38 2 4.5.2 Description . 38 4.5.3 Significance ………. .. 40 5.0 Architectural Development in Carmel (1888-1965) 5.1 Environmental and Cultural Influences on Architecture . 40 5.2 Geographical Development and Expansion . 41 5.3 Builders and Architects . 43 5.4 Architectural Styles . 45 5.5 Public and Domestic Landscaping . 49 5.6 Associated Resource Types . 51 5.6.1 Identification . 51 5.6.2 Description . 51 5.6.3 Significance …….. 52 6.0 Development of Art and Culture (1904-1965) 6.1 Arts and Crafts Movement . 52 6.2 Artists and Writers Colony . 54 6.2.1 Artists . 54 6.2.2 Literature . 55 6.2.3 Drama and Theater . 58 6.2.4 Music . 59 6.3 Academia and Science . 60 6.4 Influence of Women . 61 6.5 Associated Resource Types . 62 6.5.1 Identification . 62 6.5.2 Description . 62 6.5.3 Significance ……….….. 63 7.0 Endnotes . 63 8.0 Bibliography until 1940. 64 8.1 Bibliography 1940-1965.. 69 9.0 Appendices 9.1 Elected Officials of Carmel-by-the-Sea . 79 9.2 Members of the Arts and Crafts Club of Carmel . 82 9.3 Founding Members of the Forest Theater Society . 82 9.4 Charter Members of the Carmel Free Library Association . 84 9.5 Founding Board Members of the Carmel Art Association . 85 9.5.1 Artists Working in Carmel, 1940-1965 . 85 9.6 Architects, Designers and Builders in Carmel . 87 9.7 Historical Chronology of Carmel . 89 9.8 Who’s Who in Carmel . 94 9.9 Biographical Information on Architects Working in Carmel,1940-1965. 104 9.10 Decision-Making Criteria. 110 3 0.0 PREAMBLE Between 1997 and 2008, the City of Carmel-by-the-Sea utilized a Historic Context Statement that was adopted on 7 January 1997. It is a well-researched document that was carried out to professional standards and it will continue to be used by the City in conjunction with the updated material that follows. The themes outlined in the 1997 Historic Context Statement convey Carmel’s early development and the influences that shaped the City until 1940. In association with the thematic history, the 1997 Historic Context Statement identifies associated resource types and significance. The 1997 Historic Context Statement has been updated by Architectural Resources Group of San Francisco (ARG) to extend and incorporate the 25-year period, 1940-1965. In accordance with National Register Bulletin 24, this updated document, like the 1997 version, covers a broad pattern of historical development in this community. This document expands on those early patterns of the development of the City that continued through the 1940-1965 period. In some cases, but not all, the themes of the first half of the 20th century covered in the 1997 document are relevant through 1965. To update the Historic Context Statement, ARG’s methodology has been as follows: undertake extensive documentary research and some fieldwork to review resources that relate to the development of the City between 1940 and 1965; conduct research at local libraries, archives and repositories. Typically, relevant permits would be researched as part of the process; however, building and new construction permits from the City of Carmel-by-the-Sea for the period 1940- 1965 were not available for this project. Based on research and fieldwork, ARG developed applicable contexts relating to the 1940 to 1965 period. Rewriting the 1997 Historic Context Statement was not part of the scope of this update, though minor edits for clarity were made. The 1997 Historic Resources Survey and updated information relating to the 1940-1965 period is presented here as one volume. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Historic Context Statement A historic context statement is a technical document containing specific sections mandated by the Secretary of the Interior in National Register Bulletin 16. The Bulletin defines a historic context as “a body of information about historic properties organized by theme, place, and time.” Historic context is linked with tangible historic resources through the concept of property type. A property type is a “grouping of individual properties based on shared physical or associative characteristics.” A historic context statement is one of many tools used by municipalities as part of a comprehensive preservation program. Its purpose is to provide a framework for identifying historic resources, determining their relative significance, and applying the criteria for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. The Historic Context Statement is to be used in conjunction with the City’s General Plan policies regarding historic preservation and the Preservation Ordinance found in Municipal Code chapter 17.32 to identify historic resources and is not a stand-alone document. 4 Throughout the Historic Context Statement specific place names, properties and individuals are included to clarify historical patterns and provide richer detail. Examples are included solely to illustrate physical and associative characteristics of each theme and/or property type. The specific reference to an existing property within the Historic Context Statement is not a determination of historic significance at the present time, rather it signifies that the property contributes to a particular historical theme. Designation of a property as a historic resource is determined on an individual basis following a survey and evaluation process and ultimately reflects a judgment by the City that the property is significant. The Context Statement is not meant to be all-inclusive, and exclusion from this report is not intended to diminish the significance of any individual historic resource or person. 1.2 Location and Boundaries of Carmel-by-the-Sea Carmel-by-the-Sea is located on the Monterey Peninsula. It is approximately one square mile in area and is generally bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west, Highway One to the east, the community of Pebble Beach to the north, and the Carmel River to the south. 1.3 Community Character and Values When established in 1902, development in Carmel was greatly influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement. Much of the unique character of Carmel-by-the-Sea results from this Arts and Crafts influence coupled with an appreciation of the City’s natural environment. Elements of the natural environment such as topography, vegetation and climate, shaped the human response to the built environment. As the community developed, efforts were made to adapt the man-made elements to the underlying natural elements. In the residential districts, roads are typically narrow and curve and undulate to follow the topography and make room for trees. In the commercial districts, sidewalks curve and are frequently interrupted by trees and mini-parks. Most shops and businesses are built to face open sidewalks and interior or exterior courtyards in acknowledgment of the mild weather. The.