Don Quixote de Loyola: Cervantes’ Reputed Parody of the Founder of the Society of Jesus by Philip Ross Davidson B.A., University of Victoria, 2005 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Hispanic and Italian Studies Philip Ross Davidson, 2014 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Don Quixote de Loyola: Cervantes’ Reputed Parody of the Founder of the Society of Jesus by Philip Ross Davidson B.A., University of Victoria, 2005 Supervisory Committee Dr. Gregory Peter Andrachuk, Department of Hispanic and Italian Studies Supervisor Dr. Pablo Restrepo-Gautier, Department of Hispanic and Italian Studies Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Gregory Peter Andrachuk, Department of Hispanic and Italian Studies Supervisor Dr. Pablo Restrepo-Gautier, Department of Hispanic and Italian Studies Departmental Member Readers have associated Don Quixote and St Ignatius of Loyola for centuries. Many have inferred an intentional parody of Loyola in Cervantes’ classic novel, El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha. The first part of this thesis traces reader associations of Don Quixote and St Ignatius since the publication of Part I of Don Quixote in 1605. The second part analyzes two texts commonly cited as sources for reader associations of St Ignatius and Don Quixote, Loyola’s Autobiografía (1555) and Pedro de Ribadeneyra’s Vida de Ignacio de Loyola (1583), and proposes a hypothesis for how Cervantes may have intended to parody the founder of the Society of Jesus. The third part analyzes narrative, substantive and thematic parallelisms in Don Quixote, the Autobiografía and Vida and discusses the likelihood of Cervantes intentionally parodying Loyola in his most famous and enduring work. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. vi Dedication ......................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Note on Editions, Translations, Quotations and Citations .............................................. 4 Part I. Reader Associations of Don Quixote and St Ignatius of Loyola ............................. 6 1. Associating Don Quixote and St Ignatius of Loyola ...................................................... 7 1.1 El triunfo de don Quijote ........................................................................................ 11 1.2 The Bibliothèque universelle et historique ............................................................. 14 1.3 Pierre Quesnel and The Spiritual Quixote .............................................................. 15 1.4 Voltaire’s Dictionnaire philosophique ................................................................... 17 1.5 John Bowle’s Letter to Dr. Percy ............................................................................ 18 1.6 Critical Controversy in the 19th Century ................................................................. 21 1.7 The Westminster Foreign and Quarterly Review.................................................... 23 1.8 Romanticism, Unamuno and the Association of Don Quixote and St Ignatius ...... 25 1.9 The Association of Don Quixote and Loyola Today .............................................. 29 1.10 Don Quixote and the Spiritual Exercises of St Ignatius ....................................... 32 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 35 Part II. The Texts: St Ignatius’ Autobiografía, Ribadeneyra’s Vida de Ignacio de Loyola and Cervantes’ Authorial Intention in Don Quixote ......................................................... 36 1. El lector discreto: the Reader in the Know ................................................................... 37 2. Writing Ignatius’ Story ................................................................................................. 42 2.1 The Autobiografía ................................................................................................... 42 2.2 Ribadeneyra’s Vida de Ignacio de Loyola .............................................................. 50 3. The Genesis of Don Quixote ......................................................................................... 60 3.1 Cervantes’ Familiarity with Loyola and the Society of Jesus................................. 60 3.2 The Quixote ............................................................................................................. 65 Part III. Narrative, Substantive and Thematic Parallelisms in Don Quixote, the Autobiografía and Vida ..................................................................................................... 73 1. Narrative Parallelisms in Don Quixote, the Autobiografía and Vida............................ 74 1.1 Emergence, Chivalry Books and Mimesis .............................................................. 75 1.2 Transformation and First Adventures ..................................................................... 83 1.3 A Metafictional Parallelism .................................................................................... 96 1.4 Remaining Adventures.......................................................................................... 103 2. Substantive Parallelisms between Don Quixote and St Ignatius ................................ 122 2.1 Hidalgo ................................................................................................................. 122 2.2 Lover of Chivalric Romances ............................................................................... 126 2.3 Imitator of Knights and Saints Errant ................................................................... 129 2.4 Transformation and Name .................................................................................... 137 2.5 Visions and Madness ............................................................................................ 144 v 3. Thematic Parallelisms in Don Quixote, the Autobiografía and Vida.......................... 159 3.1 Minor Themes ....................................................................................................... 160 Journey .................................................................................................................... 160 Lady Adoration ....................................................................................................... 161 Militancy ................................................................................................................. 162 3.2 Major Themes ....................................................................................................... 166 The Vainglorious Hidalgo ...................................................................................... 166 Conversion and Transformation ............................................................................. 167 Reading and Imitation ............................................................................................. 169 Madness, Mysticism and Simulated Experience .................................................... 174 Truth and Reality .................................................................................................... 177 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 190 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 196 Appendix A “From Burlesque Comedy to Romantic Tragedy, and Beyond: Revolution in the Interpretation and Understanding of Don Quixote” .................................................. 217 Appendix B Excerpts from Ignatius of Loyola: the Psychology of a Saint .................... 228 The Conversion ........................................................................................................... 228 The Spiritual Exercises ............................................................................................... 229 vi Acknowledgments Many people have helped me with this thesis. To all I am deeply grateful. In particular, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Gregory Peter Andrachuk, whose gracious attention and support over the years have helped me to the very end. I would also like to thank Dr. Pablo Restrepo-Gautier and Dr. John J. Tucker for examining this uncommonly long work. I am grateful to Fernando Guadarrama and Ingrid Poelstra for reading an earlier version of Part I and correcting my use of Spanish; to Federico Ortés for drawing attention to this subject; the British Columbia Ministry of Health, and in particular Karen Archibald and Christine Massey, for granting me education