i ITIHAS JOURNAL OF THE STATE ARCHIVES AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE GOVERNMENT OF TELANGANA Editor Dr. Zareena Parveen M.A., M.Phil. (Persian), M.A., Ph.D. (His.) Director Joint Editor S. Mahesh Reddy M.A (History), P.G., Diploma in Archival Science & Manuscriptology Assistant Director DIRECTOR TELANGANA STATE ARCHIVES AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE GOVERNMENT OF TELANGANA HYDERABAD - 500 007. 2018 - 2019 2018 – 2019 ii Vol. XXXIX 2018 – 2019 ISSN : 0970-812X Price : 302/- Published by: Director State Archives and Research Institute Government of Telangana, Hyderabad- 500 007 Printed at: Raghavendra Graphics Ramnagar, Hyderabad - 500 044 2019 ITIHAS Vol. XXXIX iii EDITORIAL We are happy to be competent to place in the hands of our esteemed readers, for their initial scrutiny, yet another issue of Itihas 39th release. The present number consists as usual, many interesting writings on a fairly wide variety of the subjects ranging from Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Indian History, particularly Hyderabad Deccan and Specially the sources of Telangana State Archives have been utilized from Temples and Monuments shrines to Architecture Socio-Economic, Political Financial condition, and entire Administrative spheres, the British Paramount power involve in Hyderabad administration, the genealogy or Salar Jung and their contribution of the development of Hyderabad and Kakatiya’s period and its splendour achievement in Deccan, Weight and Measurement of Persian language through the Manuscripts. Dalits, Women Emancipation status and there problems from Ancient to Modern era. Efforts already have been transformed Telangana State Archives into a truly useful Instrument of research and dissemination of knowledge are made on a continuing basis. The base was laid many years ago and the attempt continues unabated. We contemplate the early, several publication on Archival Records, have been brought out, which would contain Archival Source material in the form of alive documentary evidences and considerable information likely to be of use to the research scholars. Beside we are generally endeavouring to make the Telangana State Archives as meaningfully useful as possible to all its users. 2018 – 2019 iv I trust the scholars, historians academicians useful will continue to make increasing demand on our documentary resources as well as our willingness to be of help and thereby afford us an opportunity to further improve the existing set up. At the outset a task attainment successful only with the Co-operation of learned contributors. I am highly grateful with bottom of my heart to Sri B.P.Acharya Sahib IAS, Spl.Chief Secretary, Director General Dr. MCR HRD, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad. For providing financial assistance for Publication of the Itihas Journal 39th volume. Without Co-operation extended by him the rare and Historical Journal could not have been brought out. Last but not the least, I am thankful to Sri S. Mahesh Reddy (Asst. Director) and Sri M.A. Raqeeb (Asst. Director) Publication Section Incharge Sri C. Srikanth for having taken pain to compose the 39th Itihas Journal with in a stipulated time. Dr. ZAREENA PARVEEN, M.A., Ph.D. EDITOR DIRECTOR OF STATE ARCHIVES ITIHAS Vol. XXXIX v OUR CONTRIBUTORS 1. Dr.Zareena Parveen 8. S.Mahesh Reddy Director, State Archives & Research M.A. (History), Assistant Director Institute and District Gazetteers, Telangana State Archives & Research Govt. of Telangana. Institute, Government of Telangana, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500 007. 2. Dr.E.Sreedhar M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., Associate Professor & 9. Dr.Sunkaraboina Anjaiah H.O.D of History, S.D.G.S.College, Asst. Professor, Department of History, Hindupur, Anantapur Dt. O.U. P.G. Centre, Secunderabad. 3. Dr.B.Lavanya 10. M.A.Raqeeb Assistant Professor of History, M.A., BCJ., Dip. M&A, P.G., Diploma in University College of Arts and Archival Science & Manuscriptology Social Sciences, Osmania University, Assistant Director, Hyderabad. Telangana State Archives & Research [email protected] Institute, Government of Telangana, 4. Dr.Indira Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500 007. Assistant Professor, 11. Dr.Benudhar Patra Department of History, Associate Professor, Osmania University, Hyderabad, P.G. Dept. of History, Telangana State. Post Graduate Govt. College, 5. Dr.Nasreen Begum Sector-11, Chandigarh (UT), Pin-160011, India. M.A (Hist), M.A (Eng), M.Ed., M.Phil., P.G.D.C.A., Vidwan, Ph.D, 12. Dr.G.Raja Mohan Rao Principal, Gajwel College of Education, Associate Professor, Medak Dist. Dept. of History, Acharya Nagarjuna University, 6. Dr.S.Anuradha Ongole Campus, ONGOLE. Asst. Professor in History, D.G. Govt. Arts College (W), 13. Dr.Ganeswar Nayak Asst. Professor, Mayiladuthurai, Nagai Dist, Tamilnadu. Dept. of History, 7. Tahseen Bilgrami F.M. Autonomous College, Dy.Director, Academic Staff College at Balasore, Odessa. Maulana Azad National University, Mobile : 0889558342, Hyderabad, Telangana, India E-mail : [email protected] 2018 – 2019 ITIHAS Vol. XXXIX vii INDEX S.No. Name of the Article Name of the Author Pg.No. 1. The Development of Finance and Budgeting Dr.Zareena Parveen 1 in Ex-hyderabad State Special Reference with 1853-1911 Through the Archival Sources 2. Historical Geography of Rayadurga Dr.E.Sreedhar 21 Rajya Under the Rayas of Vijayanagara – As Depicated in Inscriptions 3. Portrayal of Courtesans in Deccani Dr.B.Lavanya 33 School of Miniature Paintings 4. “Risala-e-Miqdariyah” : A Treatise on Dr.Indira 45 Weights and Measurements in Persian Language Compiled by Mir Momin Astrabadi in 16th Century, Golconda, Deccan India 5. Progress of Primary Education in Hyderabad Dr.Nasreen Begum 51 State : 1853-1948 6. Bhikshatana Image at Melapperumpallam – Dr.S.Anuradha 75 A Study 7. Composite Culture during Medieval Period Tahseen Bilgrami 81 8. British Paramount in Hyderabad State S.Mahesh Reddy 89 (1883-1947) 9. Dalit Movement in Coastal Andhra (1900-1950) Dr.Sunkaraboina Anjaiah 101 10. Salar Jung’s Contributiton for the M.A.Raqeeb 109 Developement of Ex-hyderabad (1853-1883) : Through the Glimpses of Archives 11. Status and Rights of Women in Early India Dr.Benudhar Patra 121 as Gleaned from the Arthasastra of Kautilya the Dalits in Andhra Desa 12. Role of Telugu Print Media to Uplift the Status Dr.G.Raja Mohan Rao 135 of Women in Andhra During the British Raj 13. Development and Decline of Balasore Dr.Ganeswar Nayak 147 Port in Orissa 2018 – 2019 THE DEVELOPMENT OF FINANCE AND BUDGETING IN EX-HYDERABAD STATE SPECIAL REFERENCE WITH 1853-1911 THROUGH THE ARCHIVAL SOURCES – Dr.Zareena Parveen The Finance of any state or country deals with its inflow of revenue and expenditure. The financial bankruptcy of the Hyderabad Dominion during the reign of Nasir-ud-Daula Nizam the IV was a grim reminder of the failure of the revenue system and collapse of state economy. Revenue collections were more or less based on the Amani system of farming out areas on contract basis. The highest bidder was empowered with the authority to impose and collect the tax, which as a matter of practice was often levied with least regard to the paying capacity of cultivators. Quite often, the Taluqdars and contractors employed harsh and cruel means to collect tax revenues. Nevertheless, the collections more or less trickled down into the treasury. The state expenditures under Raja Chandulal rose day by day and shot up alarmingly. Expenditure under manasab and other extra ordinary heads increased in spite of the vain attempts of Raja Chandulal to reorganise and affect reforms. Records available reveal that no regular accounts were maintained. Even receipt of disbursement was not properly maintained. Efforts to equalise the revenue and expenditure failed every time. Enhanced payments by farming-out districts could not meet the expenses. In an attempt to correct the ailing system an arbitrary system was started, in which the Khalssa lands were mortgaged. Numerous taluqas and towns were assigned in tankhwah as jagirs to Jamedars and others in lieu of their salaries and as a consequence the Dominion did not receive a single penny as revenue from such areas. On one hand the money lenders pressurized the treasury for repayment of their amounts and on the other hand the British military troops, Mansabdars, Nizam’s relatives remained largely unsatisfied. In the last days of office of Raja Chandulal the financial crisis grew worse. Subsequently Ram Bakhsh who took charge of the office faced the same situation. He was unable to even pay the salaries of the contingent forces. The money lenders refused to give any more. But on the security of Jamedars they gave the loan at a high rate of interest. The Government showed cowardice and did not dare to check the role physically about the persons employed 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF FINANCE AND BUDGETING IN EX-HYDERABAD... and the amount which they claimed. Every person employed in Government service worked for their personal benefits and not for the Government. They exploited the cultivators and extracted as much money as they could do from them. The Revenue system was mismanaged and due to the avarice of the Collectors, the tax levies were increased year by year unjustly. There was no jamabandi or assessment of revenue in view of the wet or dry land or its fertility. The cultivators were also called-upon to pay their rents even before they cut their crops. Thus under fear, the cultivators borrowed the loans from the money lenders at a high rate of interest and paid the same as tax to the Government. Many other taxes were also levied on them. Thereby, cultivators and Jamindars were ruined. Consequently, agriculture, commerce and local industries were adversely affected. Only the Sarbastadars and Taluqdars stood to gain at the cost of the poor riots who got poorer day by day.1 The fixed or ordinary expenditure was written-off in the Finance Revenue accounts under three Head which were as follows : i) Minhai-az-Madakhil or abatements from receipts.