ADVANCED CONSERVATION STRATEGIES Science. Human-centered Design. Innovation A Marine Conservation Assessment in Peru December 2014 A Report Prepared for The David and Lucile Packard Foundation & Fondation Ensemble 1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 10 OBJECTIVE AND STRUCTURE .............................................................................................................. 18 COUNTRY BRIEF ..................................................................................................................................... 19 MARINE BIOPHYSICAL OVERVIEW .................................................................................................... 21 Oceanography .......................................................................................................................................... 21 Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................................. 22 Ecological Communities of the Humboldt LME in Peru ........................................................................ 22 Mangrove Ecosystem .............................................................................................................................. 23 INSTITUTION AND STAKEHOLDER OVERVIEW .............................................................................. 24 National Government Institutions ........................................................................................................... 24 Regional Governments ............................................................................................................................ 26 Local Governments .................................................................................................................................. 27 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) ............................................................................................. 27 Academia ................................................................................................................................................. 30 Private Sector (and other initiatives) ....................................................................................................... 30 Funders, Intergovernmental Organizations, and other International Organizations ............................... 32 Global Environment Facility ............................................................................................................... 32 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS AND POLICY ...................................................................................... 34 Marine Protected Areas ........................................................................................................................... 34 Marine Protected Area Policy .................................................................................................................. 35 Voluntary Marine Conservation and Policy ............................................................................................ 38 Marine Prioritization Planning ................................................................................................................ 39 What Is Happening Now? ........................................................................................................................ 40 IMPACTS AND THREATS OVERVIEW ................................................................................................. 41 Pollution .................................................................................................................................................. 41 Fishmeal Processing Plants ................................................................................................................. 41 Wastewater Discharge ......................................................................................................................... 42 Invasive Species .................................................................................................................................. 43 Marine Megafauna Stranding .............................................................................................................. 43 Oil and Gas Extraction ............................................................................................................................ 43 What Is Happening Now? ........................................................................................................................ 44 COASTAL DEMOGRAPHY AND THE SEAFOOD MARKET .............................................................. 46 Demography and the Fisheries Value Chain ........................................................................................... 46 Seafood Markets in Peru .......................................................................................................................... 47 What is happening now? .......................................................................................................................... 49 FISHERIES ................................................................................................................................................. 50 Regulation ................................................................................................................................................ 50 Industrial Fisheries .................................................................................................................................. 51 Anchovy ............................................................................................................................................... 51 Jack and Chub Mackerel ...................................................................................................................... 54 Hake ..................................................................................................................................................... 55 Artisanal Fisheries ................................................................................................................................... 55 What Is Happening Now? .................................................................................................................... 64 Fisheries Bycatch ................................................................................................................................. 65 What is happening now? ...................................................................................................................... 65 Rights-Based Management and Policy ................................................................................................ 66 3 San Jaun de Marcona Demonstration Project ..................................................................................... 66 AQUACULTURE ....................................................................................................................................... 68 Peruvian Scallop ...................................................................................................................................... 68 Shrimp ..................................................................................................................................................... 69 What is Happening Now? ........................................................................................................................ 70 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 71 INTERVIEW LIST ...................................................................................................................................... 72 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 73 ABOUT THE AUTHORS ........................................................................................................................... 78 4 ABBREVIATIONS ACOREMA Áreas Costeras y Recursos Marinos AECID Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo ANEPAP Asociación Nacional de Empresas Pesqueras Artesanales de Perú APEGA Sociedad Peruana de Gastronomía CAP Comisión Asesora Permanente CeDePesca Centro Desarrollo y Pesca Sustentable CENPAR Censo Pesca Artesanal CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species COPMAR Asociación Comunidad Pesquera Artesanal del Puerto San Juan de Marcona COTESU Cooperación Técnica Suiza ENSO El Niño-Southern Oscillation DICAPI Dirección General de. Capitanías y Guardacostas del Perú FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FIP Fisheries Improvement Project FIUPAP Federación de Integración y Unificación de los Pescadores Artesanales del Perú FONDEPES Fondo de Desarrollo Pesquero GDP Gross National Product GEF Global Environment Facility HIDRONAV Dirección