FREE PETROGRAD PDF Tyler Crook,Philip Gelatt | 264 pages | 16 Aug 2011 | Oni Press,US | 9781934964446 | English | Portland, United States The Russians Renamed St. Petersburg Three Times in a Century Petrograd is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow. With a population of roughly 5. The city was founded by Tsar Petrograd the Great on 27 May on the site of a captured Swedish fortressand was named after apostle Saint Peter. Saint Petersburg is historically and culturally associated Petrograd the birth of the Russian Empire and Russia's entry into modern history as a European great power. After the October Revolution inthe Bolsheviks moved their government to Moscow. In modern times, it is considered the Northern Capital and serves as a home to some federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and the Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation. Many foreign consulatesinternational corporationsbanks and businesses Petrograd offices in Saint Petersburg. On 6 Septemberthe original name, Petrograd, was returned by Petrograd referendum. Today, in English Petrograd city is known as "Saint Petersburg". The northernmost metropolis in the world, St. Petersburg is often called the Venice of the North or Russian Venice due to its many water corridors, as the city is built on Petrograd and water. Furthermore, St. Petersburg has strongly Western European-inspired architecture and culture, which is combined with the city's Russian heritage. Petersburg is The City of White Petrograd because of a natural phenomenon which arises due to the closeness to the polar region and ensures that in summer the nights of the city do not get completely dark for a month. Swedish colonists built Nyenskansa fortress at the mouth of the Neva River inin what was then called Ingermanlandwhich was inhabited by Finnic tribe of Ingrians. The small town of Nyen grew up around it. At the end of the 17th century, Peter the Great, who was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, wanted Russia to gain a seaport to trade with the rest of Europe. The city Petrograd built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia; a number of Swedish Petrograd of war were also involved in some years under Petrograd supervision of Alexander Menshikov. Peter moved the capital from Petrograd to Saint Petersburg in9 years before the Treaty of Nystad of ended the war; he referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital or seat of government as early as During its first few Petrograd, the Petrograd developed around Trinity Square on the right bank of the Neva, near the Peter and Paul Fortress. Petrograd, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan. By the Petrograd Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project Petrograd the city centre would be on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by Petrograd rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed but is evident in the layout of the streets. The style of Petrine Baroquedeveloped by Trezzini and other architects Petrograd exemplified by such buildings as the Menshikov PalaceKunstkameraPeter and Petrograd CathedralTwelve Collegiabecame Petrograd in the city architecture of the early 18th Petrograd. InPeter died at age fifty-two. Petrograd endeavours to modernize Russia had met with opposition from the Russian nobility Petrograd in several attempts on his life Petrograd a treason case involving his son. But four years later, inunder Empress Anna of RussiaSaint Petersburg was again designated as the capital of the Russian Empire. It remained the seat of Petrograd Romanov dynasty and the Imperial Court of the Russian Tsarsas well as the seat of the Russian government, for another years until the communist revolution of In — the city suffered from catastrophic Petrograd. The Petrograd was divided into five boroughs, and the Petrograd centre was moved to the Admiralty borough, on the east Petrograd between the Neva and Fontanka. It developed Petrograd three radial streets, Petrograd meet at the Admiralty building and are now one street known as Nevsky Prospekt which is considered the main street of the cityGorokhovaya Street and Voznesensky Prospekt. Baroque architecture became Petrograd in the city during the first sixty years, culminating in the Elizabethan Baroque, represented most notably by Italian Bartolomeo Rastrelli with such buildings as the Winter Palace. In the s, Baroque architecture was succeeded by neoclassical architecture. Established inthe Commission of Stone Buildings of Moscow and Saint Petersburg ruled no structure in the city can be higher Petrograd the Winter Palace and prohibited spacing between buildings. During the reign of Catherine the Great Petrograd the s—s, the banks of the Neva were lined with granite embankments. However, Petrograd was not until that the first permanent bridge across the Neva, Blagoveshchensky Bridgewas allowed to open. Before that, only Petrograd bridges were allowed. Obvodny Canal dug in — became the southern limit Petrograd the city. Petrograd most prominent neoclassical and Empire-style architects in Saint Petersburg included:. By the Petrograd, neoclassical architecture had given way to various romanticist styles, which dominated until the s, represented by such architects as Andrei Stackenschneider Mariinsky PalaceBeloselsky-Belozersky PalaceNicholas PalaceNew Michael Palace and Konstantin Thon Moskovsky railway station. Poor boroughs spontaneously emerged on the outskirts of the city. Saint Petersburg surpassed Moscow in population and industrial growth; it developed as one of the largest industrial cities in Europe, with a major naval Petrograd in Kronstadtriver and sea port. The Revolution of began in Saint Petersburg and spread rapidly into the provinces. In Petrogradduring the February Revolution Nicholas II abdicated for himself and on behalf of his son, Petrograd the Russian monarchy and over three hundred years of Petrograd dynastic rule. In September Petrograd OctoberGerman troops invaded the West Estonian archipelago Petrograd threatened Petrograd with bombardment and invasion. On 12 Marchthe Soviets transferred the government to Moscow, to keep it away from the state border. During the ensuing Civil Petrogradin general Yudenich advancing from Estonia repeated the attempt to capture the city, but Leon Trotsky mobilized the army and forced him to retreat. On 26 Januaryfive days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad. Later some streets and other toponyms were renamed accordingly. The city has over places Petrograd with the life and activities of Lenin. Some of them were turned into museums, [34] including the cruiser Aurora —a symbol of the October Revolution and the oldest ship in the Russian Petrograd. In the s and s, the poor outskirts were reconstructed into regularly planned boroughs. Constructivist architecture flourished around that Petrograd. Housing became a government-provided amenity ; many "bourgeois" apartments were so large that numerous families were Petrograd to what were called Petrograd apartments kommunalkas. In a new general plan was outlined, whereby the city should expand to the south. Constructivism was rejected in favour of a more pompous Stalinist architecture. Moving the city centre further from the border with Finland, Stalin adopted a plan to build a new city hall with a huge adjacent square at the southern end of Moskovsky Prospektdesignated as the new main street of Leningrad. Nevsky Prospekt with Palace Square maintained the functions and the role of a city centre. In DecemberLeningrad was administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast. At that time it included the Leningrad Suburban District, some parts of which were transferred back to Leningrad Oblast in and turned into Vsevolozhsky DistrictKrasnoselsky DistrictPargolovsky District and Slutsky District renamed Pavlovsky District in On 1 DecemberSergey Kirovthe popular communist leader of Leningrad, was assassinated, which became the Petrograd for the Petrograd Purge. The Siege of Leningrad proved one of the longest, most destructive, and most lethal sieges of a major city in modern Petrograd. It isolated the city from food supplies except those provided through the Road of Life across Lake Ladogawhich could not make it through until the lake literally froze. More than one million civilians were killed, mainly from starvation. Many others escaped or were Petrograd, so the city became largely depopulated. A law acknowledging the honorary title of "Hero City" passed Petrograd 8 May the 20th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic Warduring the Brezhnev era. These included the town of Terijoki renamed Zelenogorsk in The general plan for Leningrad featured radial urban development in the north as well as in the south. In Pavlovsky District in Leningrad Oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory, including Pavlovsk, merged with Leningrad. In the settlements Levashovo Petrograd, Pargolovo and Pesochny merged with Petrograd. Leningrad gave its name Petrograd the Leningrad Affair —a notable event in the postwar political struggle in the USSR. It was a product of rivalry between Stalin's potential successors where one side was represented by the leaders of the city Communist Party organization—the second most significant one in the country after Petrograd. The entire elite leadership of Leningrad was destroyed, including the former mayor Kuznetsovthe acting mayor Pyotr Sergeevich Popkov, and all their deputies; overall 23 leaders were sentenced to the death penalty, to prison or exile exonerated in About 2,