Òrafficking in Ukraine An Assessment of Current Responses UNICEF, OSCE, USAID, British Council Kyiv 2005 TRAFFICKING IN UKRAINE: AN ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT RESPONSES Current situation and responses to trafficking in human beings in Ukraine. Report by Yevhenia Lutsenko, Lydia Matiaszek, Shivaun Scanlan and Inna Shvab • United Nations Children’s Fund • Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe • United States Agency for International Development • British Council This publication was published with support from the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the British Council (BC). The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of UNICEF, OSCE, USAID, BC, or the Government of Ukraine. Published by UNICEF Cover and layout design: Volodymyr Khripunov Printed in April 2005 Print run: 1,000 © 2004 Copyright UNICEF / OSCE / USAID / BC All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may be freely used and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that any such reproduction is accompanied by acknowledgement of UNICEF, OSCE, USAID, and BC as the source. UNICEF OSCE USAID Regional Mission BC Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine 01021 Kyiv 01034 Kyiv 04074 Kyiv 04070 Kyiv Klovsky Uzviz 1 vul. Striletska 16 vul. Nyzhniy Val 19 vul. H. Skovorody 4/12 Tel: (380 44) 230-2514 Tel: (380 44) 238-0406 Tel: (380 44) 462-5678 Tel: (380 44) 490-5600 Fax: (380 44) 230-2506 Fax: (380 44) 238-0408 (380 44) 537-4600 Fax: (380 44) 490-5605 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Fax: (380 44) 462-5834 e-mail: Veena.Lakhumalani@ Website: www.unicef.org Website: www.osce.org.ua (380 44) 537-4684 britishcouncil.org.ua Website: www.usaid.kiev.ua Website: www.britishcouncil.org.ua “RAFFICKING IN UKRAINE 2 An Assessment of Current Responses About the authors Yevhenia Lutsenko is a professor of Social Studies, State Academy of Culture and the Arts. She holds a PhD in History and is director of the New Life Centre for Social and Gender Research, an NGO. She is the author of over 70 articles and joint papers in sociology and political science on issues of human rights, social and gender policy, the history of the women’s movement, trafficking in persons, and the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Ukraine. Lydia Matiaszek is an independent NGO consultant who has previously worked as an advisor for Humanitarian Assistance and Non-Government Organizations for USAID and as Director of IREX/Kyiv. She holds a Master’s degree in NGO Management, and she specializes in developing projects on trafficking in persons and workshops on organiza- tional management, strategic planning and training for NGOs. Shivaun Scanlan is the coordinator of research into trafficking in persons in the Balkans, International Labour Organization (Switzerland). She holds a Master’s degree in Interna- tional Law, and she is the author of studies on trafficking in persons, the development of NGOs in Central Asia, the rights of refugees in Russia and Egypt, problems of privatisation and investment in the Russian economy, and other topics. Inna Shvab is Vice-President of La Strada-Ukraine’s International Centre for Women’s Rights and project coordinator of social support for trafficked persons. Currently in the process of completing a doctorate in sociology at the National University of Internal Affairs (Kharkiv), she is the author of over 30 research papers, joint papers and studies on trafficking in persons and violations of human rights. The views presented in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the British Council, OSCE, UNICEF, USAID, or the Government of Ukraine. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................ 7 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 1: The Study of Trafficking in Ukraine ............................................................... 13 1.1. What is Meant by “Trafficking in Human Beings” .............................................. 13 1.2. What We Know about Trafficking ...................................................................... 15 1.3. How This Study was Carried Out ........................................................................ 18 1.3.1. Informants and locales ................................................................................ 18 1.3.2. Anti-trafficking events ................................................................................. 19 1.3.3. Problems encountered ................................................................................. 20 1.4. How this report is structured ................................................................................ 21 Chapter 2: Legal Resources ............................................................................................. 23 2.1. A Review of Anti-Trafficking Legislation ............................................................ 23 2.1.1. Normative and rights legislation ................................................................. 23 2.1.2. Legislation on prostitution .......................................................................... 28 2.1.3. Compensation for damages......................................................................... 30 2.1.4. Witness protection law ................................................................................ 31 2.2. Social Assistance to Trafficked Persons............................................................... 33 Chapter 3: Situational Analysis ........................................................................................ 39 3.1. Overview of Migration ......................................................................................... 39 3.1.1. Migration from border oblasts .................................................................... 40 3.1.2. Rural migration............................................................................................ 40 3.2. Legal vs. Illegal Migration ................................................................................... 41 3.3. Extent of Trafficking ............................................................................................ 43 3.3.1. Trafficking statistics ..................................................................................... 43 3.3.2. Most vulnerable regions .............................................................................. 44 3.3.3. Key destination countries ........................................................................... 44 3.4. Causes of Migration ............................................................................................. 46 3.4.1. Socio-economic factors ................................................................................ 46 3.4.2. “Push” factors ............................................................................................. 46 3.4.3. “Pull” factors ............................................................................................... 48 3.5. Vulnerability ......................................................................................................... 49 3.5.1. Key features of vulnerability ....................................................................... 49 3.5.2. Other vulnerability factors .......................................................................... 51 3.6. Trafficking in Minors............................................................................................ 52 3.6.1. General risk situations ................................................................................. 52 3.6.2. International adoptions .............................................................................. 54 3.6.3. Health programmes abroad ........................................................................ 57 3.7. The Organization of ‘Traditional’ Trafficking ..................................................... 58 3.8. New Mechanisms for Trafficking ......................................................................... 60 3.9. Changes in the Organization of Migration .......................................................... 64 3.10. Re-trafficking ...................................................................................................... 65 “RAFFICKING IN UKRAINE 4 An Assessment of Current Responses Chapter 4: Prevention ...................................................................................................... 67 4.1. Trafficking Prevention Programmes..................................................................... 68 4.1.1. Research ...................................................................................................... 68 4.1.2. Telephone hotlines ...................................................................................... 69 4.1.3. Educational programmes for youth ............................................................ 71 4.1.4. Training ....................................................................................................... 73 4.1.5. Information campaigns ................................................................................ 74 4.1.6. Work with media ......................................................................................... 74 4.1.7. Films, videos, PSAs .....................................................................................