2009 NATIONAL REPORT (2008 data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point “NORWAY” New Developments, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research - SIRUS Norwegian national drug report 2009 Contents Summary –main findings ......................................................................................................... 5 Part A: New Developments and Trends ....................................................................................... 10 1. Drug policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis ...................................................... 10 1.1 Legal framework ................................................................................................................ 10 1.2 Institutional framework, strategies and policies ........................................................... 10 1.2.1 Norwegian National Action Plan on Alcohol and Drugs ............................................... 11 1.3 Economic analysis ............................................................................................................ 12 1.3.1 Public expenditures ...................................................................................................... 12 1.3.2 Social costs .................................................................................................................. 15 2. Drug use in the general population and specific target groups ................................................ 16 2.1 Drug use in the general population ................................................................................. 16 2.2 Drug use in the school and youth population................................................................ 16 2.2.1 The ESPAD survey 2007 ............................................................................................. 16 2.2.2 Drug use among youth aged 15 to 20 .......................................................................... 17 2.3 Drug use among young adults ........................................................................................ 23 3. Prevention ................................................................................................................................. 26 3.1 Universal prevention ......................................................................................................... 26 3.2.1 School ........................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.2 Family ........................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.3 Community ................................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Selective prevention in at-risk groups and settings ..................................................... 27 3.2.1 Measures aimed at immigrant youth’s use of drugs and alcohol ................................. 27 3.3. Indicated prevention ........................................................................................................ 28 3.3.1 Early intervention .......................................................................................................... 28 3.4 National and local media campaigns .............................................................................. 29 4. Problem drug use ..................................................................................................................... 31 4.1 Prevalence and incidence estimates of PDU ................................................................. 31 4.1.1 Calculating the number of injecting drug users ............................................................ 31 4.1.2 Problem heroin users ................................................................................................... 32 4.2 Data on PDU from non-treatment sources ..................................................................... 33 4.2.1 From the injection room scheme in Oslo ...................................................................... 33 5. Drug-related treatment: treatment demand and treatment availability ..................................... 35 5.1 Strategy/policy .................................................................................................................. 35 5.2.1 Data from the national client survey ............................................................................. 37 5.2.2 Profiles of clients in opioids substitution treatment ...................................................... 38 6. Health correlates and consequences ....................................................................................... 40 6.1. Drug-related infectious diseases ................................................................................... 40 6.2.1 HIV and Aids ................................................................................................................. 40 6.1.2 Hepatitis ........................................................................................................................ 41 6.2 Drug-related deaths and mortality of drug users .......................................................... 42 7. Responses to health correlates and consequences ................................................................. 44 7.1.1. Psychiatric and somatic comorbidity ........................................................................... 45 8. Social correlates and social reintegration ................................................................................. 45 8.1 Social re-integration ......................................................................................................... 46 8.1.1 Increased use of individual plans ................................................................................. 46 8.1.2 Trial scheme involving coordinating ‘representatives’ for people with drug or alcohol dependency in the municipalities .......................................................................................... 46 8.1.3 Qualification programme .............................................................................................. 47 8.1.4 Strengthen housing services for people with drug or alcohol dependency .................. 47 9. Drug-related crime, prevention of drug-related crime and prison ............................................. 48 9.1 Drug-related crime ............................................................................................................ 48 9.1.1 Drug law offences ......................................................................................................... 49 9.1.2 Organised crime in Norway .......................................................................................... 49 9.2 Other drug-related crime .................................................................................................. 50 9.2.1 Driving offences ............................................................................................................ 50 9.3 Interventions in the criminal justice system .................................................................. 52 9.3.1 Alternatives to prison .................................................................................................... 52 9.3.2 Other interventions in the criminal justice system ........................................................ 53 2 Norwegian national drug report 2009 9.4 Drug use and problem drug use in prisons ................................................................... 53 9.5 Responses to drug-related health issues in prisons .................................................... 54 10. Drug markets .......................................................................................................................... 55 10.1 Availability ....................................................................................................................... 55 10.1.1 Heroin use in Norway ................................................................................................. 55 10.2 Supply .............................................................................................................................. 56 10.2.1 Smuggling routes to Norway ...................................................................................... 56 10.2.2 Geographical regions that affect the crime situation .................................................. 56 10.3 Seizures ........................................................................................................................... 58 10.3.1 Proportion of heroin seized in relation to estimated annual consumption .................. 58 10.3.2 Seizure statistics for 2008 .......................................................................................... 58 10. 4 Price of illicit drugs at retail level ................................................................................. 63 10.5 Purity/potency/composition of illicit drugs and tablets .............................................. 63 Part B: Selected issues .................................................................................................................. 65 11. Cannabis markets and production .................................................................................. 65 11.1 Markets ............................................................................................................................