Development of a Measurement Concept for Sensory Perception and Investigation of the Relationships with Marketing-Related Performance Indicators

Development of a Measurement Concept for Sensory Perception and Investigation of the Relationships with Marketing-Related Performance Indicators

Development of a Measurement Concept for Sensory Perception and Investigation of the Relationships with Marketing-Related Performance Indicators Von der Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Wirtschaftswissenschaften – Doctor rerum politicarum – genehmigte Dissertation von M. Sc. Janina Haase geboren am 26.03.1989 in Hannover 2019 Referent: Prof. Dr. Klaus-Peter Wiedmann Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Gianfranco Walsh Tag der Promotion: 22.02.2019 Table of contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................. III Zusammenfassung................................................................................................................. IV Preface ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Motivation and research objectives .................................................................................... 1 2. Description of the research papers ...................................................................................... 4 2.1. Module 1: Development and validation of a measurement concept for sensory perception .................................................................................................................... 5 2.2. Module 2: Application of the measurement concept in diverse contexts and investigation of the relationships with marketing-related performance indicators...... 6 3. Conclusion and implications ............................................................................................. 10 3.1. Main contributions ..................................................................................................... 10 3.2. Implications for management practice ....................................................................... 11 3.3. Implications for future research ................................................................................. 12 References ................................................................................................................................ 13 Research papers ..................................................................................................................... 14 P1: The sensory perception item set (SPI): An exploratory effort to develop a holistic scale for sensory marketing ....................................................................................................... 15 P2: The implicit sensory association test (ISAT): A measurement approach for sensory perception .......................................................................................................................... 29 P3: Effects of consumer sensory perception on brand performance....................................... 61 P4: Sensory stimuli in print advertisement – Analyzing the effects on selected performance indicators ........................................................................................................................... 99 P5: Sensory imagery in advertising: How the senses affect perceived product design and consumer attitude ............................................................................................................ 109 P6: It’s not all about function: Investigating the effects of visual appeal on the evaluation of industrial products using the example of product color ............................................. 123 P7: How to best promote my product? Comparing the effectiveness of sensory, functional and symbolic advertising content in food marketing ...................................................... 164 I Evidence of co-authorship and definition of responsibilities ........................................... 198 Further publications ............................................................................................................ 200 II Abstract Consumers perceive all kinds of information through their five senses. Sensory perception thus represents an essential construct for understanding consumers. It can significantly influence consumer behavior and is therefore of central interest for marketing management and research. According to the two-system approach of cognitive psychology, two forms of sensory perception (explicit and implicit) need to be investigated. However, marketing research lacks a holistic measurement concept for sensory perception (i.e., one that considers all five senses and both perception levels in a consistent manner). Marketing research states a need for sensory scales and for integrative measurement concepts that take into account both perception levels. This dissertation aims to close this research gap. In detail, the research objectives are (1) to develop and validate a holistic measurement concept for sensory perception and (2) to apply the measurement concept in diverse contexts and investigate the relationships of sensory perception with marketing-related performance indicators. This dissertation consists of seven research papers, arranged in two modules that address the two research objectives. Accordingly, this dissertation provides two major contributions. Module 1 presents a holistic measurement concept for sensory perception. The measurement concept is based on the newly developed sensory perception item set (SPI), which contains the 20 most expressive adjectives (four per sense) to describe how well an object (e.g., product or brand) appeals to the consumer’s senses. The SPI can be used both in a questionnaire to measure explicit sensory perception and in a response latency task to measure implicit sensory perception. Module 2 supports the relevance of the measurement concept in diverse contexts (gastronomy, perfume, beverages, industrial products, and food products) and provides empirical evidence for significant relationships of the sensory perception measures with several essential marketing- related variables (e.g., brand experience, brand image, brand satisfaction, brand loyalty, price premium, purchase intention, product design, attitude toward the product, attitude toward the ad, and ad content). Keywords: sensory perception, sensory marketing, scale development III Zusammenfassung Konsumenten nehmen sämtliche Informationen über ihre fünf Sinne auf. Die sensorische Wahrnehmung stellt somit ein wesentliches Konstrukt zum Verständnis der Konsumenten dar. Sie kann das Konsumentenverhalten maßgeblich beeinflussen und ist daher von zentralem Interesse für das Marketingmanagement und die Marketingforschung. Nach dem Zwei- Systeme-Ansatz der kognitiven Psychologie müssen zwei Formen der sensorischen Wahrnehmung (explizit und implizit) untersucht werden. Allerdings fehlt es der Marketingforschung an einem ganzheitlichen Messkonzept für die sensorische Wahrnehmung (d. h. das alle fünf Sinne und beide Wahrnehmungsebenen in einheitlicher Weise einbezieht). Die Marketingforschung identifiziert die Bedarfe an sensorischen Skalen und an einheitlichen Messkonzepten, welche beide Wahrnehmungsebenen berücksichtigen. Diese Dissertation setzt an diesen beiden Bedarfen an und zielt auf die Schließung dieser Forschungslücke ab. Im Detail sind die Forschungsziele (1) die Entwicklung und Validierung eines ganzheitlichen Messkonzepts für die sensorische Wahrnehmung und (2) die Anwendung des Messkonzepts in verschiedenen Kontexten und die Untersuchung der Beziehungen von sensorischer Wahrnehmung mit marketingbezogenen Leistungsindikatoren. Diese Dissertation besteht aus sieben Forschungsarbeiten, eingeteilt in zwei Module, welche die beiden Forschungsziele adressieren. Entsprechend liefert diese Dissertation zwei wesentliche Beiträge für die Forschung. Modul 1 präsentiert ein ganzheitliches Messkonzept für sensorische Wahrnehmung. Das Messkonzept basiert auf dem neu entwickelten Sensory Perception Item Set (SPI), welches die 20 ausdrucksstärksten Adjektive (vier pro Sinn) enthält, um zu beschreiben, wie gut ein Objekt (z. B. Produkt oder Marke) die Sinne des Konsumenten anspricht. Der SPI kann sowohl in einem Fragebogen zur Messung der expliziten sensorischen Wahrnehmung als auch in einer Reaktionszeitaufgabe zur Messung der impliziten sensorischen Wahrnehmung eingesetzt werden. Modul 2 unterstreicht die Relevanz des Messkonzepts in diversen Kontexten (Gastronomie, Parfüm, Getränke, Industrieprodukte und Lebensmittel) und liefert empirische Evidenz für signifikante Zusammenhänge der sensorischen Wahrnehmung mit verschiedenen wesentlichen marketingbezogenen Variablen (z. B. Markenerlebnis, Markenimage, Markenzufriedenheit, Markentreue, Preispremium, Kaufabsicht, Produktdesign, Einstellung zum Produkt, Einstellung zur Werbung, Inhalt der Werbeanzeige). Schlagwörter: sensorische Wahrnehmung, sensorisches Marketing, Skalenentwicklung IV Preface “No idea is conceived in our mind independent of our five senses.” Albert Einstein (German physicist, 1879-1955) 1. Motivation and research objectives Sensory perception is a central element in understanding consumers. Consumers capture all stimuli in the environment through their senses, be it a product, a brand logo, a TV commercial, or the atmosphere in a store. Sensory perception encompasses five dimensions (sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste) and is generally defined as the awareness or understanding of sensory information (Krishna, 2012). For example, the design of a product comprises numerous pieces of sensory information (e.g.,

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