FINAL First Five-Year Review Report for Installation Restoration Program Sites at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Township of Oscoda, losco County, Michigan U.S. AIR FORCE Prepared For Air Force Real Property Agency (AFRPA) Arlington, Virginia and Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (AFCEE/BCE) Brooks City Base, Texas Prepared by: 1700 Broadway, Suite 900 Denver, Colorado 80290 Contract F41624-01-D-9009 Task Order 2004 September 2004 FINAL FIRST FIVE-YEAR REVIEW REPORT FOR INSTALLATION RESTORATION PROGRAM SITES AT THE FORMER WURTSMITH AIR FORCE BASE, TOWNSHIP OF OSCODA IOSCO COUNTY, MICHIGAN September 2004 Prepared by: Air Force Real Property Agency Oscoda, Michigan Approved by: Date: Director, Air Force Real Property Agency Date: Director. USEPA Region 5 Superfund Division TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ACRONYMS xiv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1 SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION 1-1 SECTION 2 - SITE CHRONOLOGY 2-1 SECTION 3 - BACKGROUND 3-1 3.1 General Base Area 3-1 3.1.1 Physical Characteristics 3-1 3.1.2 Land and Resource Use 3-1 3.1.3 History of Contamination 3-2 3.1.4 Initial Response 3-2 3.1.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-2 3.2 FT-02 3-3 3.2.1 Physical Characteristics 3-3 3.2.2 Land and Resource Use 3-3 3.2.3 History of Contamination 3-3 3.2.4 Initial Response 3-4 3.2.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-4 3.2.5.1 Identification of Contaminants of Concern 3-5 3.2.5.2 Summary of Risk Assessments 3-6 3.3 WP-04 3-7 3.3.1 Physical Characteristics 3-7 3.3.2 Land and Resource Use 3-8 3.3.3 History of Contamination 3-8 3.3.4 Initial Response 3-8 3.3.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-9 3.4 SS-05 3-9 3.4.1 Physical Characteristics 3-9 3.4.2 Land and Resource Use 3-9 3.4.3 History of Contamination 3-10 3.4.4 Initial Response 3-11 3.4.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-11 3.5 SS-06, SS-13, ST-40, and ST-46 3-12 3.5.1 Physical Characteristics 3-12 3.5.2 Land and Resource Use 3-13 3.5.3 History of Contamination 3-13 3.5.4 TCE, PCE, and DCE Residuals 3-14 3.5.5 Initial Response 3-15 3.5.6 Basis for Taking Action 3-15 3.6 SS-08, ST-41, SS-42, and SS-53 3-16 3.6.1 Physical Characteristics 3-16 3.6.2 Land and Resource Use 3-17 3.6.3 History of Contamination 3-17 3.6.4 Initial Response 3-18 3.6.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-19 3.7 OT-16 3-21 3.7.1 Physical Characteristics 3-21 3.7.2 Land and Resource Use 3-21 3.7.3 History of Contamination 3-21 3.7.4 Initial Response 3-21 3.7.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-22 3.8 SS-17, SS-21, and SS-47 3-24 3.8.1 Physical Characteristics 3-24 3.8.2 Land and Resource Use 3-24 3.8.3 History of Contamination 3-24 3.8.4 Initial Response 3-25 3.8.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-26 3.9 LF-23 3-27 3.9.1 Physical Characteristics 3-27 3.9.2 Land and Resource Use 3-28 3.9.3 History of Contamination 3-28 3.9.4 Initial Response 3-28 3.9.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-28 3.10 OT-24 3-30 3.10.1 Physical Characteristics 3-30 3.10.2 Land and Resource Use 3-30 3.10.3 History of Contamination 3-30 3.10.4 Initial Response 3-31 3.10.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-32 3.11 LF-26 3-34 3.11.1 Physical Characteristics 3-34 3.11.2 Land and Resource Use 3-34 3.11.3 History of Contamination 3-35 3.11.4 Initial Response 3-35 3.11.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-36 3.12 LF-27 3-37 3.12.1 Physical Characteristics 3-37 3.12.2 Land and Resource Use 3-37 3.12.3 History of Contamination 3-38 3.12.4 Initial Response 3-38 3.12.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-38 3.13 LF-30 and LF-31 3-40 3.13.1 Physical Characteristics 3-40 3.13.2 Land and Resource Use 3-40 3.13.3 History of Contamination 3-41 3.13.4 Initial Response 3-41 3.13.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-42 3.14 SS-51 3-42 3.14.1 Physical Characteristics 3-42 3.14.2 Land and Resource Use 3-42 3.14.3 History of Contamination 3-43 3.14.4 Initial Response 3-43 3.14.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-43 3.15 SS-57 3-44 3.15.1 Physical Characteristics 3-44 3.15.2 Land and Resource Use 3-44 3.15.3 History of Contamination 3-45 3.15.4 Initial Response 3-46 3.15.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-46 3.16 ST-68 3-47 3.16.1 Physical Characteristics 3-47 3.16.2 Land and Resource Use 3-48 3.16.3 History of Contamination 3-48 3.16.4 Initial Response 3-48 3.16.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-48 3.17 ST-69 3-49 3.17.1 Physical Characteristics 3-49 3.17.2 Land and Resource Use 3-49 3.17.3 History of Contamination 3-49 3.17.4 Initial Response 3-50 3.17.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-50 3.18 WP-70 3-51 3.18.1 Physical Characteristics 3-51 3.18.2 Land and Resource Use 3-51 3.18.3 History of Contamination 3-52 3.18.4 Initial Response 3-52 3.18.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-52 3.19 SS-71 3-53 3.19.1 Physical Characteristics 3-53 3.19.2 Land and Resource Use 3-53 3.19.3 History of Contamination 3-53 3.19.4 Initial Response 3-53 3.19.5 Basis for Taking Action 3-53 SECTION 4 - REMEDIAL ACTIONS 4-1 4.1 FT-02 4-1 4.1.1 Initial Remedy Selection 4-1 4.1.2 Implementation 4-4 4.1.3 System O&M 4-5 4.2 WP-04 4-5 4.2.1 Remedy Selection 4-6 4.2.2 Implementation 4-9 4.2.3 System O&M 4-10 4.3 SS-05 4-10 4.3.1 Remedy Selection 4-10 4.3.2 Implementation 4-13 4.3.3 System O&M 4-14 4.4 SS-06, SS-13, ST-40, and ST-46 4-14 4.4.1 Remedy Selection 4-15 4.4.2 Implementation 4-19 4.4.3 System O&M 4-20 4.5 SS-08, ST-41, SS-42, and SS-53 4-20 4.5.1 Remedy Selection 4-21 4.5.2 Implementation 4-24 4.5.3 System O&M 4-25 4.6 OT-16 4-26 4.6.1 Remedy Selection 4-26 4.6.2 Implementation 4-30 4.6.3 System O&M 4-30 4.7 SS-17, SS-21, and SS-47 4-30 4.7.1 Remedy Selection 4-31 4.7.2 Implementation 4-35 4.7.3 System O&M 4-35 4.8 LF-23 4-35 4.8.1 Remedy Selection 4-36 4.8.2 Implementation 4-37 4.8.3 System O&M 4-37 4.9 OT-24 4-37 4.9.1 Remedy Selection 4-37 4.9.2 Remedy Implementation 4-42 4.9.3 System O&M 4-42 4.10 LF-26 4-43 4.10.1 Remedy Selection 4-43 4.10.2 Implementation 4-44 4.10.3 System O&M 4-44 4.11 LF-27 4-45 4.11.1 Remedy Selection 4-45 4.11.2 Implementation 4-46 4.11.3 System O&M 4-46 4.12 LF-30 and LF-31 4-47 4.12.1 Proposed Remedy 4-47 4.12.2 Implementation 4-49 4.12.3 System O&M 4-49 4.13 SS-51 4-50 4.13.1 Remedy Selection 4-50 4.13.2 Implementation 4-52 4.13.3 System O&M 4-52 4.14 SS-57 4-52 4.14.1 Remedy Selection 4-53 4.14.2 Implementation 4-57 4.14.3 System O&M 4-57 4.15 ST-68 4-57 4.15.1 Remedy Selection 4-58 4.15.2 Implementation 4-58 4.15.3 System O&M 4-58 4.16 ST-69 4-59 4.16.1 Proposed Remedy 4-59 4.16.2 Implementation 4-60 4.16.3 System O&M 4-60 4.17 WP-70 4-61 4.17.1 Remedy Selection 4-61 4.17.2 Implementation 4-63 4.17.3 System O&M 4-63 4.18 SS-71 4-63 4.18.1 Proposed Remedy 4-63 4.18.2 Implementation 4-64 4.18.3 System O&M 4-64 SECTION 5 - PROGRESS SINCE THE LAST FIVE-YEAR REVIEW 5-1 SECTION 6 - FIVE-YEAR REVIEW PROCESS 6-1 6.1 Administrative Components 6-1 6.2 Community Involvement 6-2 6.3 Document Review 6-2 6.4 Data Review 6-4 6.4.1 FT-02 6-4 6.4.2 WP-04 6-8 6.4.3 SS-05 6-9 6.4.4 SS-06, SS-13, ST-40, and ST-46 6-10 6.4.4.1 Groundwater Extraction System Data Review 6-11 6.4.4.2 Free Product Recovery Data Review 6-12 6.4.4.3 AS/SVE System Data Review 6-12 6.4.4.4 Bioventing System Data Review 6-13 6.4.5 SS-08, ST-41, SS-42, and SS-53 6-13 6.4.5.1 Adequacy of SS-08 Source Area Definition 6-13 6.4.5.2 SS-08/SS-53 SVE and AS System Data Review 6-14 6.4.6 OT-16 6-15 6.4.7 SS-17, SS-21, and SS-47 6-17 6.4.8 LF-23 6-18 6.4.9 OT-24 6-18 6.4.10 LF-26 6-21 6.4.11 LF-27 6-21 6.4.12 LF-30 and LF-31 6-22 6.4.12.1 AS System 6-22 6.4.12.2 Pump and Treat System 6-23 6.4.12.3 Natural Attenuation 6-24 6.4.12.4 YMCA Beach Remediation 6-24 6.4.13 SS-51 6-24 6.4.14 SS-57 6-25 6.4.15 ST-68 6-26 6.4.16 ST-69 6-26 6.4.17 WP-70 6-28 6.4.18 SS-71 6-28 6.5 Site Inspection 6-28 6.6 Interviews 6-29 6.6.1 Summary of General Comments Received 6-30 6.6.1.1 From Community Representatives 6-30 6.6.1.2 From Regulatory Representatives 6-31 6.6.1.3 From AFRPA Employees and Contractors 6-31 6.6.2 Site Specific Comments 6-33 6.6.2.1 Site FT-02 6-33 6.6.2.2 Site SS-08 6-33 6.6.2.3 Sites OT-16 and LF-27 6-33 6.6.2.4 Site OT-24 6-33 6.6.2.5 Site SS-05 6-34 6.6.2.6 LF-30/LF-31 6-34 6.6.2.7 Arrow Street Pump and Treat System 6-35 6.6.2.8 Benzene Plant Pump and Treat System 6-35 SECTION 7 - TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT 7-1 7.1 Site FT-02 7-1 7.1.1 Is the remedy functioning as intended by the decision documents? 7-1 7.1.2 Are the exposure assumptions, toxicity data, cleanup levels, and remedial action objectives used at the time of remedy selection still valid? 7-2 7.1.3 Has any other information come to light that could call into question the protectiveness of the remedy? 7-3 7.1.4 Technical Assessment Summary 7-3 7.2 Site WP-04 7-3 7.2.1 Is the remedy functioning as intended by the decision documents? 7-3 7.2.2 Are the exposure assumptions, toxicity data, cleanup levels, and remedial action objectives used at the time of remedy selection still valid? 7-4 7.2.3 Has any other information come to light that could call into question the protectiveness of the remedy? 7-5 7.2.4 Technical Assessment Summary 7-5 7.3 Site SS-05 7-6 7.3.1 Is the remedy functioning as intended by the decision documents? 7-6 7.3.2 Are the exposure assumptions, toxicity data, cleanup levels, and remedial action objectives used at the time of remedy selection still valid? 7-7 7.3.3 Has any other information come to light that could call into question the protectiveness of the remedy? 7-8 7.3.4 Technical Assessment Summary 7-9 7.4 Sites SS-06, SS-13, ST-40, and ST-46 7-9 7.4.1 Is the remedy functioning as intended by the decision documents? 7-9 7.4.2 Are the exposure assumptions, toxicity data, cleanup levels, and remedial action objectives used at the time of remedy selection still valid? 7-11 7.4.3 Has any other information come to light that could call into question the protectiveness