LaGuardia and Wagner 2013 Calendar Archives www.cuny.edu/inventingthefuture Dear Friends and Colleagues, For more than 30 years, the LaGuardia and Wagner Archives has produced exem- plary calendars and lesson plans on a variety of subjects, including the history of the I am very pleased to introduce the CUNY/New York Times in College 2013 calendar, New York City Council and the origins of public housing. For the past eight of those “Inventing the Future: Science, Technology, Engineering and Math in America.” This years, the archives has produced the CUNY/New York Times in College calendar proj- well-timed calendar not only highlights the importance of the STEM fields to the ects, consisting of printed calendars, Web sites, and curricula focused on the following advancement of new discoveries but also emphasizes the collaborative nature of topics: voting rights and citizenship, women’s leadership, immigrants, city life, freedom, scientific breakthroughs. For example, the incandescent light bulb was the work of public higher education, health, and the economy. a large group of scientists at Thomas Edison’s Menlo Park “invention factory” who The commitment of the calendar’s sponsors has been particularly important. were competing with other research teams to complete the first marketable electric CUNY offers special thanks to JPMorgan Chase Chairman and C.E.O. Jamie Dimon, bulb. Alexander Graham Bell is best remembered for inventing the telephone, but JPMorgan Chase Foundation President Kimberly Davis, Senior Vice Presidents Leon- his greatest legacy may be Bell Labs, which conducted research to create the first fax ard Colica, Michael Nevins and Timothy G. Noble, and Executive Director Kim Jasmin. machine in 1925, the transistor in 1947, the laser in 1958, and the first orbital com- We are deeply appreciative of our ongoing partnership with our esteemed munications satellite in 1962. No single inventor can take credit for these and other colleagues at The New York Times in College for making the calendar widely inventions and innovations; it was the brilliant collaboration of many great minds in accessible, facilitating the curricular elements and providing access and publication the STEM disciplines that developed them. rights to The New York Times’s archival photos. With the help of The New York Chancellor Matthew Goldstein During World War II, universities also became central to STEM research. Harvard Times in College, accessible online at www.nytimes.com/edu, CUNY is collaborating and the University of Pennsylvania were pioneers in early computer research. With with faculty, administrators, and students in states nationwide. In particular, we want the onset of the Cold War, the federal government greatly increased its funding of to acknowledge and thank these Times colleagues: Diane McNulty, executive direc- public and private research universities and they became centers of both applied and tor community affairs and media relations; Susan Mills, managing director, education; basic research, including the foundations of what would become the Internet. Stephanie Doba, Newspaper in Education manager; and Tom Glieden and Walter The STEM theme is timely for both the nation and The City University of New Barleycorn, education account managers. York. To compete in the world economy, the United States must invest in STEM disci- Thanks are also due to New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, New York City plines. CUNY’s Decade of Science initiative, begun in 2005, has strengthened the Uni- Council Speaker Christine Quinn and Queens Borough President Helen Marshall. versity’s commitment to STEM participation and proficiency. Enrollment in CUNY’s Their historic support and funding of the LaGuardia and Wagner Archives and its STEM disciplines increased by 35 percent from 2005 to 2010, and there has been a 25 calendars and curricula have helped the archives to preserve history and make it percent increase in STEM faculty since 2006. CUNY is also constructing new science available and accessible to the public. facilities, most notably the Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC), scheduled to “Inventing the Future” is a work of scholarship, enabling an understanding of open on the City College campus in 2014. The ASRC will provide high-end equip- the history of science, technology, engineering and math and the impact that break- ment and space for research in photonics, nanotechnology, water and environmental throughs in these fields have on society. The University takes great pride in the sensing, structural biology, and neuroscience. Other major initiatives include the partnerships that allow the calendar to bring this history to life. CUNY Energy Institute, which is conducting research to improve the efficiency of electric, electrochemical and thermal energy storage to enable utilization of renew- Matthew Goldstein, Chancellor able energy sources, and the Environmental Crossroads Initiative, an internationally recognized research center dedicated to the analysis of strategic local, regional and global environmental challenges. CUNY is also increasing its public outreach through the development of CUNY TV programs like Science & U, which examines the world of science through today’s headlines and demonstrates its importance in everyday life, referencing many of the themes in this year’s calendar. At the bottom of each month is a QR code that links to an episode of Science & U related to that month’s theme. The concept and development of the 2013 “Inventing the Future” calendar and Web site have been guided by CUNY Senior Vice Chancellor for University Relations and Board Secretary Jay Hershenson and LaGuardia Community College President Gail O. Mellow. Their vision has been realized by Richard K. Lieberman, director of the LaGuardia and Wagner Archives and professor of history at LaGuardia Commu- nity College, and his colleagues at the archives, Associate Project Directors Steven A. Levine and Stephen Weinstein, and Assistant Project Director Tara Jean Hickman. The project has received valuable input from some of the University’s finest scholars, whose participation underscores the integrity of the content. The calendar’s one-of- RIGHT Model of CUNY’s Advanced Sci- ence Research Center on the campus of a-kind images were sourced from both the LaGuardia and Wagner Archives and The City College in Harlem. New York Times photo archives. Original crew of the U.S.S Monitor playing games William Saunders, an American horticulturalist working for the U.S. Linus Pauling, two-time Nobel Prize winner, works with a The Aerodyne, designed by Alexander Lippisch, 1950. Dr. Patricia Bath invented a on deck while on the James River (Virginia), 1862. Patent Office, arranged for the importation of seedless or navel vacuum pump in his lab at Oregon State University. new device and technique for orange trees from Bahia, Brazil, in the late 1860s. Here mammoth cataract surgery known as oranges are shipped on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 1909. “laserphaco” that has helped many blind people to see. Milestones for Inventing the Future New York suffers 3,513 deaths and begins planning to bring clean water April 28, 1852 Boston establishes the first electric-powered fire alarm 1800S to the city from an upstate source. system with call boxes to indicate the location of the fire. January 21, 1801 The Philadelphia Water Works opens, making Philadelphia February 25, 1836 Samuel Colt patents the revolver, a handgun November 11, 1856 English metallurgist Henry Bessemer receives a U.S. the first major city in the U.S. to provide clean drinking water citywide. “that featured a rotating cylinder with multiple chambers for bullets.” patent for a process that converts pig iron to steel, establishing a much lower cost method for producing steel in large quantities. March 29, 1806 Thomas Jefferson signs legislation committing the federal January 11, 1838 Samuel F.B. Morse uses electric signals to shift an government to build the Cumberland (later National) Road west from electromagnet in a patterned print across paper, known as Morse code. March 23, 1857 The first safety elevator for passengers in America, designed Cumberland, MD. by Elisha Otis, is installed at 488 Broadway in New York in E.V. Haughwout’s 1839 Charles Goodyear invents vulcanized rubber, which maintains its porcelain and glassware shop. August 17, 1807 Robert Fulton takes the steamboat Clermont up shape despite exposure to pressure and heat. Goodyear receives his the Hudson River from New York to Albany; reliable upriver steam travel patent in 1844. November 30, 1858 John L. Mason patents the Mason jar, enabling America revolutionizes intercity trade and transportation. to preserve perishable goods. October 14, 1842 The Croton Aqueduct provides New York with its first 1818 Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley writes “Frankenstein,” about a creature clean supply of water needed to combat disease, fight fires, and meet the 1861 Richard Gatling invents the Gatling gun, forerunner of the revolving produced by scientific activity in a laboratory. demands of a rapidly growing city. machine gun, under the mistaken impression that it would reduce battlefield casualties by reducing the number of soldiers needed. He receives a patent October 26, 1825 The Erie Canal connects the port of New York to the May 24, 1844 Samuel F.B. Morse builds the first telegraph line, extending on May 9, 1865. Great Lakes via the Hudson River. By 1840, New York moved more freight from Baltimore to Washington, DC. than the ports of Boston, Baltimore and New Orleans combined. October 24, 1861 High-speed telegraph communication begins between 1845 Innovations by Elias Howe and Isaac Singer lead to the modern, the Pacific and Atlantic coasts as the Western Union Company completes May 24, 1830 America’s first railroad, the Baltimore & Ohio, travels 13 miles practical sewing machine. its telegraph line between St. Joseph, MO, and Sacramento, CA. from Baltimore to Ellicott City, Maryland; the line extends to Wheeling, West Virginia, in 1853. October 16, 1846 The first public demonstration of ether as anesthesia July 27, 1866 The Transatlantic cable opens between Newfoundland and Val- takes place during surgery performed by Dr.