CR ,.~ : L'i/ Thurgood. Marshall Law Library ENFORCEM.NT N A AL PR 'nl:t~~~~,:::r,..,.H~E United States Commission on Civil Rights 1965 ENFORCEMENT A REPORT ON EQUAL PROTECTION IN THE SOUTH United States Commission on Civil Rights 1965 CR 1.2: L 41 Members of the Commission JoHN A. HANNAH, Chairman EUGENE PATIERSON, Vice Chairman FRANKIE M. FREEMAN ERWIN N. GRISWOLD REV. THEODORE M. HESBURGH, C.S.C. ROBERT S. RANKIN WILLIAM L. TAYLOR, Staff Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 75 ce~ts (paper cover) LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL THE UNITEDSTATES COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS Washington, D.C., November 4, 1965. THE PRESIDENT THE PRESIDENTOFTHE SENATE THE SPEAKEROF THE HousE OFREPRESENTATIVES SJRs: The Commission on Civil Rights presents to you this report pursuant to Public Law 85-315as amended. The report presents and analyzes information concerning dis­ criminatory law enforcement practices in several southern com­ munities. This information was. obtained by the Commission from extensive investigations in 1¢4 and a public hearing held in Jackson, Mississippi, in February 1¢5. The Commission has found that too often those responsible for local law enforcement have failed to provide equal protection of the laws to persons at­ tempting to exercise rights guaranteed to them by the Constitution and the laws of the United States. Because of the seriousness of the problem and the ineffectiveness of existing remedies, we urge your consideration of the facts presented and of the recommendations for corrective action. Respectfully yours, JoHNA. HANNAH,Chairman EUGENEPATTERSON, Vice Chairman FRANKIEM. FREEMAN ERWINN. GRISWOLD REV.THEODORE M. HESBURGH,c.s.c. ROBERTS. RANKIN ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report would not have been possible without the coopera­ tion of many private citizens and government officials. The Commission acknowledges the generous assistance of many Federal officials who assisted the staff in ways too numerous to mention. Particular mention should be made of John Doar, Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice, and representatives of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, who assisted the staff in its investigation and preparation for the hearing; officialsof the Veterans Adminis­ tration, who permitted the Commission to use the Jackson Vet­ erans Administration Center for its hearing; and the United States Marshal and his staff in Mississippi, who provided a variety of services. The Commission is grateful to the many private citizens and public officials who gave generously of their time and knowledge to Commission staff members who visited their communities. Beginning in 1g61,the Mississippi State Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, now under the leadership of Dr. A. B. Britton, Jr., sponsored public meetings throughout the State to provide Mississippi citizens of both races the oppor­ tunity to discuss the State's civil rights problems. In some com­ munities, the meetings were a dangerous enterprise as well as a novel and difficult undertaking. Members of the Advisory Com­ mittee braved pressure and criticism in their own communities as they made a significant contribution to the improvement of race relations in Mississippi. Finally, the Commission is indebted to the staff of the General Counsel's office which carried these projects to successful com­ pletion under the able and vigorous leadership of William L. Taylor, now Staff Director of the Commission. The present V General Counsel, Howard A. Glickstein, and the former Deputy General Counsel, Michael 0. Finkelstein, directed the following members and former members of the Commission staff in the investigations, the conduct of the hearing, and the preparation of this report and the previously published report, Voting in Missis­ sippi: Klaire V. Adkins, Jeffrey M. Albert, Robert H. Amidon, Mary V. Avant, Edward B. Beis, Richard F. Bellman, Gwendolyne T. Belva, John G. Birkle, Joyce M. Butler, Robert A. Cook, Jonathan W. Fleming, Sandra E. Ford, M. Carl Holman, Charles C. Humpstone, Clarence H. Hunter, Ivan E. Levin, Louise Lewi­ sohn, Roy Littlejohn, JoNell M. Monti, Elisabeth I. F. Murphy, Brian M. Olmstead, Beryl A. Radin, Leda Rothman, Samuel J. Simmons, Betty K. Stradford, Naomi S. Tinsley, and Edwin D. Wolf. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LETTEROF TRANSMITTAL iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS V INTRODUCTION... 1 PART I, DENIALS OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS Chapter 1. The Legacy of Violence . 5 Chapter 2.. Failure to Investigate and Solve In- cidents of Racial Violence . 15 Chapter 3. Failure to Protect or Prosecute . 43 Chapter 4. Official Interference With the Ex- ercise ofFederal Rights . 57 Chapter 5. State and Local Law Enforcement. 85 PART II. REMEDIES Chapter 6. Federal Criminal Legislation. 103 Chapter 7. Federal Civil Remedies........... 121 Chapter 8. Executive Action to Protect the Exercise of Federal Rights. 141 PART Ill, CONCLUSION Chapter 9. Findings and Recommendations... 171 Separate Statement of Commissioner Erwin N. Griswold . 182 vii INTRODUCTION [A}ll executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation to support this Constitution .... {U.S. Con­ stitution, article VI, § 3} I, ... do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully support the Constitution of the United States and the Con­ stitution of the State of Mississippi, and obey the laws thereof; ... [Miss. Constitution, article 14, § 268-0ath of Office Required of Public Officials in Mississippi.} For those in authority . to defy the law of the land is profoundly subversive not only of our constitutional system but of the presuppositions of a democratic society. [Mr. Justice Frankfurter, concurring in Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1, 22 (1958)}. This report is a study of the failure of local officials in several Southern States to adhere to their oath of office to support the Federal Constitution. The Commission, since its inception, has continually received and investigated complaints from many States, particularly in the South, that local law enforcement offi­ cials were depriving American citizens of their constitutional rights. In an interim report issued in 1963,the Commission found that there had been "open and flagrant violation of constitutional guarantees in Mississippi." In 1¢4 the Commission staff began investigations in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida, which focused on the failure of local officials to prevent or punish acts of racial violence and on interference by these officials with the assertion of constitutional and statutory rights by Negroes, including the right of public protest. The cities studied in the initial investigation-Green­ wood and Jackson, Mississippi; Gadsden, Alabama; St. Augustine, Florida; and Americus, Georgia-were chosen because the Com­ mission had received complaints that in each of these communi- ties attempts by Negroes to assert rights consistently met with violence and suppression. The allegations indicated that instru­ mentalities of local government were being used to preserve the traditional subservient position of the Negro. These and earlier investigations indicated that, although prob­ lems of racial violence and discrimination in law enforcement existed in a number of States, the problems were most serious and widespread in Mississippi. Accordingly, the Commission decided to hold an open hearing in Mississippi to assess objectively and in context the status of law enforcement in that State. The Com­ mission recognized that an in-depth study of one State would not necessarily imply that similar practices existed in communities throughout the South. Comparable complaints, however, from a number of communities elsewhere in the South suggested that verification of some complaints would confirm the existence of a wider problem. In preparing for the hearing, the Commission staff visited numerous counties where widespread racial violence had occurred or where particular problems of law enforcement were reported to exist. The counties finally chosen for presentation at the hearing were located in different parts of the State: Adams and Pike Coun­ ties in the southwest; Jones County in east central; Madison County, north of Jackson; and Leflore and Washington Counties in the Delta. The Commission staff visited these counties and in­ terviewed victims of racial violence and local officials responsible for law enforcement. The Commission's hearings were held in Jackson in February r<j,5. In accordance with the statute regulating such hearings, the Commission first met in executive session on February ro-rr at the Federal courthouse. At this time it afforded an opportu­ nity for persons whom it determined might be defamed, degraded, or incriminated in public testimony to be heard privately. No­ tices were sent to 32 persons, ro of whom appeared. Portions of this testimony, determined by the Commission not to degrade, defame, or incriminate, have been used in this report. 2 The public sessions of the hearing were held in the auditorium of the Veterans Administration Center in Jackson beginning on February 16 and continuing through February 20, 15)65.The first portion of the hearing dealt with denials of the right to vote to Negroes, and the Commission has issued a report of its findings on this subject entitled Voting in Mississippi. The second part of the hearing was devoted to law enforcement. The more than 30 witnesses included Negro citizens,