ΤΗΕ MOUNTAIN AENOS OF CEPHALONIA ISLAND HISTORY – PHYSIOGRAPHY – BIODIVERSITY D. Phitos, G. Kamari, N. Katsouni & G. Mitsainas Assistant for the English Edition: Chrisovalantou Vlotis CEPHALONIA 2015 The current edition was co-financed by the European Union (E.R.D.F.) within the framework of Subproject 2 ‘‘Production of Printed and Digital Material’’ of the Project ‘‘Protection and Conservation of the Biodiversity of Ainos National Park’’ (M.I.S. Code: 323368), implemented by the Management Body of the National Park of Mt. Ainos and integrated in the Operational Programme ‘‘Environment and Sustainable Development’’, NSRF, 2007-2013. European Union Co-financed by Greece and the European Union European Regional Development Fund ~ III ~ Addresses of the Editors: Prof. Emer. Dr. Dimitrios Phitos Prof. Emer. Dr. Georgia Kamari Botanical Institute Botanical Institute Department of Biology Department of Biology University of Patras University of Patras GR 26500 Patra GR 26500 Patra [email protected] [email protected] Ε-mail: Ε-mail: Dr. Niki Efthymiatou–Katsouni Lecturer, Dr. Georgios Mitsainas Babi Anninou 8 Laboratory of Zoology GR 28100 Argostoli Department of Biology Cephalonia University of Patras, GR 26500 Patra E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Ε-mail: Address of the Assistant of the English edition: Chrisovalantou Vlotis, G. Tsapalou & Solonos GR 26504 Agios Vasilios,ΜΑ Rion E-mail: [email protected] ~ IV ~ Abies cephalonica cones from Mt. Aenos (locus classicus of this species). ~ V ~ No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of the Book’s Editing Committee, in- cluding, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission. MANAGEMENT BODY OF THE NATIONAL PARK OF MT. AENOS Center of Environmental Information of Koutavos P.O. Box. 222, GR 28100 Argostoli, Cephalonia [email protected]; [email protected] Website:Τel./Fax: www.foreasainou.gr26710 29258 Ε-mails: Layout – Printing: KATAGRAMMA – Graphic Arts, Terzis Bros G.P. GRISBN: 20200 978-960-9407-31-1 Kiato Website: www.katagramma.gr Tel.: +30 27420 29333 ~ VI ~ T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Page Preface I .......................................................................................................................................................... Preface II. From the Book Dedication to the National Park of Ainos .......................... ΙΧ Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. , 1998 ΧΙ Catalogue of the book’s contributors ............................................................................................... XVI ΧIV .........................................................................1 ...........................................................................................3 PART Ι. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF MT. AENOS ............................................................................................................. 10 Α. Aenos, the mountain of Cephalonia C. Impact of Aenos, as a natural factor, in the formation Β. ofAenos the political – sacred – mountain territorial status of Cephalonia ................................................................ 21 D. Aenos as a diachronic natural resource and the human interventions ................... 25 ................... 47 .................................................................................................. 50 PART ΙΙ. GEOMORPHOLOGY – GEOLOGY – HYDROGEOLOGY OF MT. AENOS ..................................................................................................................... 53 Α. Geomorphological description C. Hydrogeological conditions ......................................................................................................... 62 Β. Geological conditions ........................................................................................... 73 PART of ΙΙΙ. Mt. THE Aenos CLIMATE ...................................................................................................................................... OF MT. AENOS 75 Α. Current status of the meteorological stations network ....................................................... at the wider area 77 C. Bioclimatic conditions – thermal comfort ............................................................................ 81 Β. Description of the climatic conditions of Mt. Aenos D. Thermometric conditions of the wider area of Mt. Aenos in relation to types of ground coverage ....................................................................................................... 84 ............................................................................. of Mt. Aenos.............................................................. PART ΙV. THE VEGETATION OF MT. AENOS 89 The forest of Abies cephalonica J.W. Loudon ............................................................... Α. General overview of the vegetation 91 he presence of the black Pine on Mt. Aenos ............................................................. Α1. 92 Eu-Mediterranean vegetation zone (Quercus ilex & Q. coccifera) .....................100 Α2. T 96 A4. Rare forest species of Mt. Aenos ..................................................................................... Α3. 109 ~ VII ~ PART V. THE FLORA OF MT. AENOS ...............................................................................................115 .........117 ............................................................................................................123 Α. Historical overview of the botanical research on the island of Cephalonia ..........................................................................................125 Β. On the flora of Mt. Aenos ....................130 Β1. Endemic species of Mt. Aenos Β2. Endemicon Mt. Aenos species ......................................................................................................................... of Cephalonia Isl. that also occur on Mt. Aenos 132 Β3. Endemic species of the Ionian floristic region that also occur on Mt. Aenos ...........................................................................................................................153 B5.Β4. SpeciesThe orchids of particular of Mt. Aenos phytogeographic (Orchidaceae) interest .................................................................... that also occur 157 PART VI. THE MUSHROOMS OF MT. AENOS ..................................................................................187 ........................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... Α. Generally on mushrooms 189 .................................... Α1. What mushrooms are 189 ................................................................................. Α2. Ecological and economic importance of the mushrooms 191 Α3. Mushroom diversity on Mt. Aenos 193 ..............................................................................................217 .......................................................................................................... PART VΙI. THE FAUNA OF MT. AENOS ...........................................................................................................222 Α. On the fauna of Mt. Aenos 219 C. Lissamphibians – Reptiles ..........................................................................................................223 Β. Butterflies (Lepidoptera) C1. Lissamphibians ......................................................................................................................223 C2. Reptiles ......................................................................................................................................224 D. Avifauna .............................................................................................................................................233 E. Mammals ........................................................................................................................................... E1. Chiroptera .................................................................................................................................245 239 .....................................................................................................252 Ε2. The horses of Mt. Aenos ....... 1st PART ofVΙII. Mt. THE Aenos NATIONAL by the Management PARK OF MT. Body AENOS ............................................................................... AND ITS MANAGEMENT BODY 263259 2nd LineLine ofof Actions:Actions: Surveillance/GuardingRecording and monitoring of the of Nationalthe biodiversity Park of the protected area ...................................................................................................................274 3rd Raising – Communication Strategy .......................................................................................282 4th Line of Actions: DevelopingInformation/Awareness innovative actions ...............................................................307 ~ VIII ~ P R E F A C E I Dedication to the National Park of Ainos was published by the Museum of Natural History of Cephalonia and Ithaca, and edited by the President of this In 1998, the book titled Museum, Dr. Niki Efthymiatou-Katsouni.