nutrition's impact on cognition Tuesday, October 15th 1 pm ET/10 am PT a webinar offering from webinar housekeeping you are muted o write questions in the chat box summary handout and CPE certificate o must listen to audio and join webinar presentation to obtain certificate o must participate in full webinar to receive certificate o CPE certificate and summary handout will be emailed on Thursday, October 17th o webinar recordings found at siggis.com/sessions continue the conversation o Please use #siggisSessions and follow us on social media @siggisdairy webinar speaker Aron Barbey, PhD Professor of Psychology Director of the Center for Brain Plasticity Director of the Intelligence, Learning, & Plasticity Initiative University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Affiliations Beckman Institute Bioengineering Program Division of Nutritional Sciences Institute for Genomic Biology Medical Scholars Program Neuroscience Program disclosures Financial Relationship Commercial Interest Center for Nutrition, Learning, and Memory, Grant / Research Support Abbott Nutrition, USA Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Scientific Advisory Board University of Birmingham, UK Speakers Bureau Stock Shareholder Employee Other objectives 1. Introduction to research in Nutritional Cognitive Neuroscience 2. Review advances in nutritional epidemiology: The application of nutrient biomarker pattern analysis 3. Learn about methods from neuroscience that enable an investigation of brain health through the application of high-resolution MRI 4. Discuss current directions of research in nutritional cognitive neuroscience on the nature and mechanisms of cognitive aging Cognitive Aging Hertzog et al., (2008) Cognitive Aging HertzogHertzog et et al., al., (2008) (2008) How malleable are biologically defined boundaries of cognitive aging and to what extent can diet and nutrition enhance performance across the lifespan? Nutritional Cognitive Neuroscience is an emerging interdisciplinary field of research that seeks to understand nutrition’s impact on human cognition and brain health across the lifespan Zamroziewicz & Barbey (2016) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Nutritional Cognitive Neuroscience •Lutein and Crystallized Intelligence •Omega-3 PUFAs and General Zamroziewicz et al., (2016; Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience) Intelligence Talukdar et al., (2019; Human Brain Mapping) •Mediterranean Diet and Healthy Zamroziewicz et al., (2017; NeuroImage) Brain Aging Key et al., (2019; Molecular Nutrition and Food Research) •Omega-3/6 Balance and Memory Zwilling et al., (2019; NeuroImage) Zamroziewicz et al., (2017; Aging and Disease) Zamroziewicz & Barbey (2017; Role of Medi Diet in the Brain) •Omega-3 PUFAs and Traumatic •Omega-3 PUFAs and Executive Brain Injury Hasadri et al., (2013; Journal of Neurotrauma) Functions Zamroziewicz et al., (2015; Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience) Bowman et al., (2013; Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience) •Phosphatidylcholine and Executive Functions •Omega-3 PUFAs and Fluid Zamroziewicz et al., (2016; Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience) Intelligence Talukdar et al., (2018; Human Brain Mapping) Zamroziewicz et al., (2017; Nutritional Neuroscience) Age-Related Cortical Thinning Fjell et al., (2009) Aging of Brain Networks Fjell et al., (2013) Nutrient Biomarkers of Healthy Brain Aging Anterior cingulate cortex structure Inferior prefrontal cortex structure Parahippocampal cortex structure Frontoparietal cortex structure Fornix white matter integrity Dorsal attention network connectivity Cognitive flexibility Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids The beneficial effects of nutrition on Phosphatidylcholine cognitive performance are mediated Crystallized intelligence by specific brain mechanisms Lutein Fluid intelligence Precursor omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Balanced Memory polyunsaturated fatty acids Monounsaturated fatty acids General intelligence To what extent can diet and nutrition promote healthy brain aging and target specific brain networks that selectively decline with age? Yogurt and Dairy • Yogurt contains beneficial bacteria that are known to have positive health outcomes • Advances have recently been made in understanding their beneficial effects on mood and the reduction of stress • A recent study observed significant reductions in self-reported negative mood and distress for individuals randomly assigned to a probiotics condition (compared to placebo) over 30 days (Messaoudi et al., 2011) Sarkar et al., (2016) An Interdisciplinary Approach Explore the relationship between nutrient profiles and indices of brain health 1. Health status: Physical fitness, daily exercise, social function, mental health 2. Cognitive function: Executive control, learning, and memory 3. Functional brain connectivity: Resting-state functional connectivity 4. Structural brain connectivity: Diffusion tensor imaging of white matter fiber tracts 5. Cortical thickness and brain volume: Voxel-based morphometry 6. Cerebral biochemistry and metabolism: MR Spectroscopy 7. Cytoarchitecture integrity: MR Elastography 8. Molecular genetics: Genetic risk factors for cognitive impairment (ApoE4) Nutrient Biomarkers of Healthy Brain Aging Nutrient Biomarkers of Healthy Brain Aging Does the functional organization of brain networks depend on diet and nutrition? Network Organization Specificity and Modularity of Brain Function To minimize the cost of information processing, the cortex is divided into anatomically localized modes, composed of densely interconnected regions Network Organization Global Integration of Brain Function Coordinated, system-wide function requires a network architecture that also enables global information processing Small World Architecture Optimal Balance of Segregation and Integration Small world connections are critical to brain organization and known to decline as a function of age (Deco et al., 2015; Geerlings et al., 2015) Are specific dietary patterns associated with optimal brain network efficiency? Healthy Older Adults Nutrient Biomarkers Nutrient Biomarkers Patterns Functional Brain Networks Does optimal efficiency within specific brain networks predict high-level cognitive function? Small World Organization and High-Level Cognition Small World Organization and High-Level Cognition Efficiency within the following networks was associated with high-level cognition: 1. Dorsal attention network (Selective attention) 2. Frontoparietal network (Cognitive control) High-Level Cognition General Intelligence Working Memory Barbey et al., (2012; Brain) Barbey et al., (2011; Cerebral Cortex) Barbey et al., (2012; Neuropsychologia) Barbey et al., (2012; Cortex) Barbey et al., (2014; Plos One) Barbey et al., (2013; Brain Structure and Function) Barbey (2017; Trends in Cognitive Sciences) Koenigs et al., (2009; Journal of Neuroscience) Fluid Intelligence Frontoparietal Network Barbey et al., (2013; NeuroImage) Nikolaidis et al., (2016; Cerebral Cortex) Paul et al., (2016; NeuroImage) Ponsoda et al., (2016; Human Brain Mapping) Watson et al., (2016; NeuroImage) Do nutrient biomarker patterns moderate the observed association between network efficiency and cognitive performance? Nutrient Biomarker Patterns Lycopene Moderates the Association between Dorsal Attentional Network Efficiency and Executive Functions Nutrient Biomarker Patterns Lycopene-9-cis trans-Lycopene Lycopene-13-cis Lycopene • Literature on lycopene's effect on brain and cognition in humans suggests that lycopene may serve a protective role in brain aging and cognitive decline (Min & Min, 2014; Johnson et al., 2013) • Higher serum levels of lycopene are associated with lower incidences of Alzheimer's mortality (Min & Min, 2014; Johnson et al., 2013) • A lycopene supplement in mice reduced age-related memory loss and cognitive decline, reversed age-related neuronal degradation, reduced amyloid-beta brain plaques, and reduced neuroinflammation (Zhao et al., 2018) • Other animal studies have shown similar benefits of lycopene, by reducing oxidation and inflammation and promoting the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (e.g., GABA), which confer protective effects on the brain (Yang et al., 2018; Prakash & Kumar, 2014) ω-6 PUFAs Moderate the Association between Dorsal Attentional Network Efficiency and Executive Functions ω-6 PUFAs Moderate the Association between Dorsal Attentional Network Efficiency and Executive Functions ω-3 PUFAs Moderate the Association between Frontoparietal Network Efficiency and General Intelligence Nutrient Biomarker Patterns ω-6 and ω-3 PUFAS • Evidence suggests that ω-6 and ω-3’s may have beneficial effects on cognitive aging (Parletta et al., 2013; Cunnane et al., 2009) • ω-6 and ω-3’s PUFAs are known to contribute to: • Structural integrity of neuronal membranes • Control inflammation and oxidation • Promote energy metabolism • PUFAs enable the myelination of white matter (Fields, 2005), which is critical for information transmission and synaptic response across long fiber tracks underlying small-world networks • Long chain fatty acids may be critical for healthy lipid composition in myelin and therefore may support information transfer in small-world brain networks Nutrition and Brain Network Efficiency • Findings motivate a multidisciplinary approach that applies methods from nutritional epidemiology and cognitive neuroscience to characterize the impact of nutrition on functional brain network efficiency in health, aging, and disease. Do ω-3 PUFA’s shape individual differences in functional brain network organization? Multivariate Distance-Based