UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Forest (and) primates: Conservation and ecology of the endemic primates of Java and Borneo Nijman, V. Publication date 2001 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Nijman, V. (2001). Forest (and) primates: Conservation and ecology of the endemic primates of Java and Borneo. Tropenbos International. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:03 Oct 2021 GeographicalGeographical Distribution of Ebony Leaf Monkey CHAPTERR 7 GEOGRAPHICC DISTRIBUTION OF EBONY LEAF MONKEY TRACHYPITHECUSTRACHYPITHECUS AURATUS (E. GEOFFROY SAINT- HILAIRE,, 1812) (MAMMALIA: PRIMATES: CERCOPITHECIDAE) ) ContributionsContributions to Zoology 69: 157-177 (2000), with additional data. ABSTRACT T Ass one of the fundamental units of ecology and biogeography, the geographic distributionn of the endemic and threatened ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus auratusauratus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) on the islands of Java, Bali, and Lombok (Indonesia)) has been assessed. All localities where the species has been collected are listed,, and forty-two areas (each in itself consisting of numerous smaller sites) where thee species has been recorded are discussed. The species occurs in a large variety of forestt types, including mangrove, beach, and freshwater swamp forest; everwet lowlandd and hill forest; dry decidious forest; montane forest up to 3,000 - 3,500 m a.s.1.;; and in some forest plantations (teak Tectona grandis, rasamala Altingia excelsa,excelsa, acacia Acacia spp). In East Java, certain populations are dimorphic, containing,, besides the more common melanic individuals, also erythristic individuals.. This erythristic pelage morph only occurs in the easternmost part of Javaa of which the line between Mt. Penanggunang and the surroundings of Mojokertoo running south-wards, via Wonosalam and Blitar, to Mts Kidul roughly formss the western boundary. Localities where individuals of the erythristic pelage morphh have been collected or observed are given. RINGKASAN N Distribusii geografis Lutung Trachypithecus auratus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812)) (Mammalia: Primata: Cercopithecidae) (Contributions to Zoology 69: 157- 177,, 2000, dengan tambahan data): Sebagai salah satu bagian ekologi dan biogeografii yang mendasar, distribusi geografis Lutung Trachypithecus auratus (E. Geoffroyy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) yang endemik dan terancam punah di Jawa, Bali dan Lombokk (Indonesia) telah ditentukan. Seluruh lokasi dimana spesies pernah dikoleksii didaftarkan, dan empat puluh dua daerah (pada setiap daerah tersebut di dalamnyaa termasuk beberapa tempat-tempat yang lebih kecil) dimana spesies pernah tercatat,, didiskusikan di sini. Spesies ini terdapat di banyak tipe hutan, yaitu di hutan mangrove,, hutan pesisir, hutan rawa air tawar; hutan dataran rendah dan pebukitan yangg selalu basah; hutan kerangas; hutan pegunungan sampai ketinggian 3000-3500 83 3 ForestForest (and) Primates mm dpi; dan di beberapa hutan tanaman (Jati Tectona grandis, Rasamala Altingia excelsa,excelsa, Akasia Acacia spp). Di Jawa Timur, populasi-populasi tertentu bersifat dimorfis,, di samping individu-individu hitam [melanic] yang lebih umum, juga terdapatt individu-individu kuning [erythristic]. Tipe bulu 'erythristic' ini hanya terdapatt di bagian paling timur Jawa, dengan batas barat kira-kira garisnya antara Gn.. Penanggungan dan sekitar Mqjokerto ke arah selatan, melalui Wonosalam dan Blitar,, menuju Pegunungan Kidul. Lokasi-lokasi dimana individu-individu dengan tipee bulu 'erythristic' telah dikoleksi atau diamati dipaparkan di sini. INTRODUCTION N Beingg located in the extreme east of the Sundaic subregion, Java and Bali are the mostt isolated of the remaining land masses and also furthest from the Asian mainland.. Java harbours a slightly impoverished non-human primate fauna comparedd to the other Sundaic islands. There are 5 species, including one nocturnal prosimian,, the slow loris Nycticebus coucang (Boddaert 1785) compared to 13 speciess on Borneo and 12-13 species on mainland Sumatra; the exact species numberr depends on the taxonomy followed. However, a relative high proportion of themm are endemic, viz. 60% {compared to 38-43% on Borneo, and 8-17% on mainlandd Sumatra). The endemics comprise one species of Hylobatidae, the Javan or silveryy gibbon Hylobates moloch (Audebert, 1799) and two species of Colobinae, thee grizzled leaf monkey Presbytis comata (Desmarest, 1822) and the ebony leaf monkey11 Trachypithecus auratus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812). The Javan gibbonn and the grizzled leaf monkey are confined to the wettest forest types, which aree more common to the western part of the island, and can be found as far east as Mtss Dieng and Mt. Lawu, respectively (Nijman and Sözer, 1995; Nijman, 1995, 1997b).. The ebony leaf monkey's range encompasses a larger area, and the species cann be found in other forest types as well, on Java, Bali and Lombok.2 Despite its distributionn encompassing a larger area than the other Javan endemics, its range is stilll restricted, and its habitat has largely dissappeared. Ebony leaf monkey are listed ass Vulnerable according to the IUCN threat criteria (Eudey, 1987; IUCN, 1996). The speciess is protected by Indonesian law and is listed on Appendix II of the CITES convention. Ebonyy leaf monkey is also known as ebony or moor langur, Javan leaf monkey / langur, silver(ed) leaff monkey / langur, amongst others. Some of these names, however, are also used for the grizzled leaff monkey Presbytis comata and silvered leaf monkey Trachypithecus cristatus. Locally ebony leaff monkeys are known as either lutung (both melanic and erythristic individuals) and in parts of Eastt Java budeng (usually only the melanic individuals) Basedd on a single skin, probably originating from the northwestern part of Vietnam, Brandon-Jones (1984,, 1995) described subspecies Semnopithecus (Trachypitecus) auratus ebenus. As it is of little relevancee to the present paper, and pending more information on this taxon and its distribution, it is nott discussed further. 84 4 GeographicalGeographical Distribution of Ebony Leaf Monkey Thee ebony leaf monkey has for a long-time been regarded as conspecific with the silveredd leaf monkey, T. cristatus (Raffles 1821) (e.g., Pocock, 1935; Napier, 1985; Wolfheim,, 1983), but it was given its specific status by Weitzel and Groves (1987). Thee species specific status of T. auratus is now generally accepted (e.g., Weitzel et al.,, 1988; IUCN, 1994; Brandon-Jones, 1984, 1995a; Corbet and Hill, 1992; Oates et al.,, 1994; Maryanto et al., 1997) although Rosenblum et al. (1997) found a high diversityy in mtDNA between and among populations of T. auratus and T. cristatus, withoutt however, a clear distinction between populations of Pensinsular Malaysia, Sumatraa or Java. T. cristatus and T. auratus occur allopatrically with the former havingg a disjunct distribution with populations from southern Burma, southern Thailand,, Cambodia and southern Laos and Vietnam, and from the western coast of Westt Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo (Corbet and Hill, 1992), while the latter, as statedd before, ranges from Java eastwards to Lombok. Both species can be distinguishedd by skull and dental characters (Weitzel and Groves, 1987; Maryanto et al.,, 1997). Furthermore, T. cristatus is brown, brownish-grey or blackish brown, whilee the Javan species is more blackish tingled with brown and grey. In both speciess some populations are polymorphic in pelage coloration, with melanic and usuallyy a small proportion of erythristic individuals occurring together. This proportionn may vary between areas. In the ebony leaf monkey, these populations are restrictedd to the easternmost part of Java (see Discussion), while in the silvered leaf monkeyy these populations hitherto only have been recorded from Abai at the mouth off the Kinabatangan River in eastern Sabah, Borneo (Davis, 1962; Payne et al., 1985).. Weitzel and Groves (1987) concluded that the type specimen of T. auratus, ann erythristic female, must have originated from the easternmost part of Java (see alsoo Brandon-Jones, 1995a). Littlee is known about the ecology of the species in natural forest areas, since onlyy a limited number of studies have been conducted so far. Most of the comprehensivee studies, i.e., those of Brotoisworo and Dirgayusa (Brotoisworo, 1983;; Brotoisworo and Dirgayusa, 1991), Kool (1993; Kool and Croft, 1992), and to aa lesser extend Megantara (1994) have been conducted in the Pangandaran nature reserve.. Pangandaran is a small c. 500 ha. uplifted limestone peninsula at the southeasternn corner of West Java. Parts of the area are covered with teak,