ORIGINS OF KOREAN MODERN ARCHITECTURE By MYENGSOO SEO A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2016 © 2016 Myengsoo Seo To my family ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation on origins of Korean modern architecture could not have been realized without the guidance, enthusiasm, encouragement, and support of so many people whose own scholarship and backgrounds span many continents. My profound gratitude goes to my advisor Dr. Hui Zou for his unwavering support and advice from a very early stage. I am sincerely grateful to Prof. William Tilson whose work on constructional and structural models has grounded my research explorations when I first arrived in the States. Also, Prof. Morris Hylton III's work and commitment to studying historic preservation has long inspired me to investigate historic preservation on my many levels in my dissertation. In particular, I appreciate Dr. Sarah Kovner's support and help though she stays in a long distance. I especially thank the University of Florida and its School of Architecture for their financial support through Graduate School Fellowship program and Arthur Bleen Anderson Scholarship. My study in the States has been made possible through them. I have benefited from the support of many institutions and researchers in Korea and the USA. I thank the Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University, the Harvard-Yenching Institute at Harvard University, and the Korean Foundation of East Asian Library at the University of Washington for their generous support. They provided not only the most complete historical collections, but also aided my research with archive travel grant programs and visiting lecture programs in the field of Korean studies. I also thank Dr. Alberto Pérez-Gómez and Dr. Martin Bressani at McGill University for their generous guidance and for offering me a residence while attending McGill University for spring 2014 semester. Taking Dr. Pérez-Gómez and Bressani's courses enabled me to open up my mind. I am also indebted to Dr. Bonghee Jeon at Seoul National University and Dr. Dongsoo Han and Prof. Hyun Seo at Hanyang University, Korea. They encouraged me to keep working on 4 my doctoral research in the States. Fellow scholar Dr. YoungJae Kim in particular, graciously guided my research. Through the dissertation process, Dr. Kim has advised through drafts with historical acumen and encouragement. A special thanks to Dr. Claudia Jensen for her excellent editing of the whole draft. I also appreciate a friend Jongwon Choi who helped me translate Japanese and Seongho Lee who assisted me by scanning many Korean and Japanese documents in Korea. I would like to thank my wife, Jiyoung Kang, and my daughter, Anna Kambi Seo, as well as my parents, sisters and brothers-in-laws for their unending encouragement and support through the many years since this project first began to take shape. In particular, I sincerely appreciate my wife who has reviewed my various articles in English and Korean. Finally, my father, who fell seriously ill and passed away during the period of my study in the States, would have been the happiest of all to see what I have accomplished. I dedicate this dissertation to his memory and his devotion to our family. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................8 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL INTRODUCTION ...................................................15 Historical Introduction ............................................................................................................15 The Peculiarity of Early Korean Modernism ..........................................................................19 Theoretical and Methodological Introduction ........................................................................34 Two Korean Modern Architects: Gil-ryong Park and Dong-jin Park ....................................44 2 CONFLICTS AND CONTINUTITY BETWEEN TRADITION AND MODERNITY .......63 Eastern Essene and Western Means .......................................................................................63 Nihilism in Korean Modern Culture .......................................................................................72 The Adoption of the Modern "Scientific Concepts" ...............................................................81 The Conceptualization of Hygiene .........................................................................................87 Adoption of the Modern "System (Codes)" ............................................................................95 3 ARCHITECTURAL REPRESENTATION IN EARLY MODERN ARCHITECTURE ....109 Traditional Architectural Representations ............................................................................109 th th Development of "True View" and "Realism" in the 18 and 19 Centuries........................116 The Adaptation of Western Perspective in Korean Paintings of the Late Joseon Dynasty ..124 th th New Architectural Representation in Korea in the Late 19 and the Early 20 Centuries ..131 Comparison with the Representation of Chinese Early Modern Architecture .....................140 4 FROM TRADITION TO MODERNITY .............................................................................166 Emerging Scientific and Aesthetic Modernity .....................................................................166 Gil-ryong Park's Interpretation of Tradition in Building Modernity ....................................176 Dong-jin Park's Interpretation of Tradition in Building Modernity .....................................188 Modernization of Living Conditions ....................................................................................198 5 ACCOMMODATION OF WESTERN MODERNISM IN KOREAN ARCHITECTURE ................................................................................................................220 Western Influences on Japanese Architecture ......................................................................220 Mutual Enlightenment between Frank Lloyd Wright and Eastern Cultures ........................227 The Influence of Western Architecture on Gil-ryong Park and Dong-jin Park ....................231 6 Hwashin Department Store in Seoul and the Carson, Pirie, Scott Department Store in Chicago .............................................................................................................................244 6 HISTORIC PRESERVATION TOWARDS CRITICAL REGIONALISM ........................258 Preserving the Origins of Modernity ....................................................................................258 Preserving the Memory .........................................................................................................264 Preserving the Cultural Identity ............................................................................................270 Preservation of a Painter's House .........................................................................................278 LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................................292 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................315 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1-1 Gil-ryong Park's Photo .......................................................................................................58 1-2 Dong-jin Park's Photo ........................................................................................................58 1-3 An exterior view of Gil-ryong Park's architectural design office in the 1940s .................59 1-4 Advertisement for the inauguration of Gil-ryong Park's architectural design office .........59 1-5 Advertisement of Gil-ryong Park's architectural design office..........................................60 1-6 Gil-ryong Park's article entitled "Beoggwa dwisganeul gaelyanghala 벅과 뒷간을 改良하라" (Housing-Reform the Kitchen and Bathroom) ................................................60 1-7 Dong-jin Park, Perspective drawing of the Bosung College headquarters ........................61 1-8 Dong-jin Park, Perspective drawing of the Bosung College library ..................................61 1-9 Bulletin of Duke University, 1931 .....................................................................................62 2-1 Yi Sang's poem, "Crow’s Eye View (烏瞰圖)." ..............................................................106 2-2 Yi Sang's cover design for Joseon to Geonchuk 朝鮮と建築 (Joseon and Architecture) in February 1930 ........................................................................................106 2-3 Group photo with intellectuals from various fields .........................................................107 2-4 Pablo Picasso's "Guernica," 1937 ....................................................................................107 2-5 Cover of Gwahagjoseon 科學朝鮮 (Science Joseon) .....................................................108 3-1 "Inpyeongdaegun bangjeondo 麟坪大君坊全圖" (Paining of the