Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses CAHSS Theses and Dissertations and Dissertations 1-1-2017 Darfur Conflict: A Phenomenological Study of Female Victims’ Perception of Justice Careen Hutchinson Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] This document is a product of extensive research conducted at the Nova Southeastern University College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. For more information on research and degree programs at the NSU College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, please click here. Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Careen Hutchinson. 2017. Darfur Conflict: A Phenomenological Study of Female Victims’ Perception of Justice. Doctoral dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences – Department of Conflict Resolution Studies. (73) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/73. This Dissertation is brought to you by the CAHSS Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Darfur Conflict: A Phenomenological Study of Female Victims’ Perception of Justice by Careen A. Hutchinson A Dissertation Presented to the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences of Nova Southeastern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Nova Southeastern University 2017 Copyright © by Careen A. Hutchinson June 2017 July 18th, 2017 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the circle of family and friends who supported me throughout this academic journey. To my dear mother Audrey, without whose unconditional love and support this would not have been possible. My beloved sister Yvonne, her patience and unbelievable love was the wind beneath my wings. To my father Daniel, who stood in the shadow and secretly expressed his pride for me I am grateful. Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge my dissertation committee for their guidance and support throughout this writing process. Dr. Muvingi, my chair, his stellar support, patience, and encouragement is most invaluable. Dr. Abubakr Elnoor’s expertise on the culture, language, and this conflict enriched this study beyond belief. Dr. Judith McKay’s incredible knowledge of the dissertation process added to this highest academic success of my life. Dr. Nest Hyatt, my mentor, has been unwavering in her support and belief in my ability. The Gateway Church family’s support, love, and encouragement is most appreciated. You have all played a priceless role in my achievement. Thank you. Table of Contents List of Tables .......................................................................................................................v List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi Abstract ............................................................................................................................. vii Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................1 Background ....................................................................................................................1 A Historical Overview of Darfur ............................................................................ 9 Darfur, the Current Conflict .................................................................................. 17 Problem Statement .......................................................................................................19 Rationale ......................................................................................................................29 Justice ................................................................................................................... 33 Justice and Structural Violence ............................................................................. 39 Purpose of the Study ....................................................................................................40 Significance of the Study .............................................................................................42 Summary ......................................................................................................................45 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................47 Overview ......................................................................................................................47 History of Sexual Violence in Conflicts ......................................................................50 Defining Rape ..............................................................................................................53 Causes of Sexual Violence-Rape in Conflicts ...................................................... 54 War, Conflicts and Genocide – Cases of Rape in Conflict Zones ........................ 57 Bangladesh Women .....................................................................................................61 i The Comfort Women of Japan .....................................................................................62 The Abuses of Darfur Victims .....................................................................................64 Obstacles to Accessing Justice.....................................................................................65 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................71 Summary ......................................................................................................................78 Chapter 3: Research Method ..............................................................................................79 Overview ......................................................................................................................79 Phenomenology............................................................................................................83 Research Questions ......................................................................................................87 Sampling ......................................................................................................................88 Sample Size ........................................................................................................... 89 Criteria for Sample Selection ................................................................................ 90 Procedure in Selecting Sample ............................................................................. 92 Research Site ................................................................................................................93 Gate-keeper(s) ....................................................................................................... 94 Sample Recruitment .............................................................................................. 95 Data Collection: Face to Face Interviews ....................................................................96 Interview Questions .............................................................................................. 97 Data Transcription .............................................................................................. 105 Ethics and Reflexivity/Validity..................................................................................108 Chapter Summary ......................................................................................................111 Chapter 4: Analysis and Results ......................................................................................113 ii Overview ....................................................................................................................113 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................114 General Data Analysis Strategies, by Authors .................................................... 115 Coding Decision.................................................................................................. 116 Step by Step Coding and Analysis ...................................................................... 119 Categories and Theoretical Analysis .................................................................. 121 Summary ....................................................................................................................183 Chapter 5: Interpretation of Data & Findings ..................................................................185 Overview ....................................................................................................................185 Findings and Interpretation ........................................................................................185 Theme 1 .............................................................................................................. 186 Theme 2 .............................................................................................................. 186 Theme 3 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