Samoan Australians • The majority of Samoans in Australia come from the Independent State of Population of Samoa-born people in 1,i Samoa, previously known as Western Australia (2006 Census): 15,239 4 i ii Samoa . Population of Samoa-born people in 1 • During the early part of the 20th Queensland: 4868 century, a small number of Samoa-born Population of Samoa-born people in people migrated to Australia for Brisbaneii: 43411 commerce, education and missionary purposes2. The 1921 Census recorded Gender ratio (Queensland): 92.2 males 1 110 Samoa-born people in Australia2. per 100 females • During the 1970s, educational Median age (Australia): The median age programs sponsored by the Australian of Samoa-born people in 2006 was 41.6 Government resulted in increased years compared with 46.8 years for all numbers of Samoa-born people overseas born and 37.1 for the total 2 migrating to Australia2. A number of Australian population . Samoa-born people have also migrated from New Zealand to Australia for work and study5. Age distribution (Queensland)1: • At the time of the 2006 Census, there were 15,239 Samoa-born people in Age Per cent Australia and 39,992 Australians who 0-19 10.1% identified as having Samoan ancestry (13,536 in Queensland)1,6. 20-39 33.3% 40-59 45.3% • Ethnicity: The main ethnicity is Samoan (92.6 per cent)7,8. Other 60+ 11.3% ethnicities include Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesian ancestry) (seven per cent), Europeans Arrivals – past five years (Source – (0.4 per cent). 3 Settlement Reporting Database ) • Language: Samoan and English are both official languages of Samoa7,8. Year Australia Queensland Samoan (Polynesian) is the main 2006 60 20 language spoken. Many people from 2007 50 12 Samoa also speak English9. 2008 67 19 • Religion: Most Samoans are Christian. Religions in Samoa based on a 2001 2009 89 22 census include: 2010 55 14 − Congregationalist – 34.8 per cent − Catholic – 19.6 per cent − Seventh-Day Adventist – 3.5 per cent − Methodist – 15 per cent − Worship Centre – 1.3 per cent − Latter-Day Saints – 12.7 per cent − Other Christian – 4.5 per cent − Assembly of God – 6.6 per cent − Other – 1.9 per cent Community Profiles for Health Care Providers www.health.qld.gov.au/multicultural Ancestry, language and religion in • Samoan Australians are very family Australia (2006 Census for Samoa-born)2 oriented5. When explaining a serious illness, a patient may prefer to have at The top four ancestryiii responses of • least one family member present, or Samoa-born people in Australia were: 9 their whole family . It may be - Samoan – 66.9 per cent preferable for a health care provider to explain the diagnosis first to a close - Not stated – 7.4 per cent family member and then both tell the 9 - English – 6.8 per cent patient together . - German – 4.1 per cent2. • Although English is spoken widely in Samoa, some Samoan Australians, • The main languages spoken at home by particularly the elderly, may require an Samoa-born people in Australia were: interpreter or assistance when filling in 9 − Samoan – 82.7 per cent forms . − English – 13.7 per cent2. Health in Australia • The main religions of Samoa-born • There is limited research on the health people in Australia were: of Samoan Australians. − Catholic – 22.7 per cent • Average life expectancy in Samoa is 72.4 years (male 69.6 and female 75.4) − Latter-Day Saints – 13.7 per cent compared to 81.7 years for all people − Uniting church – 10.9 per cent living in Australia (male 79.3 and female 84.3)7. − Pentecost – 9.8 per cent • Samoa-born people have high rates of − 42.9 per cent of Samoa-born people 2 overweight, obesity, Type 2 diabetes reported their religion as other . and hypertension6. Communication • The Samoa-born population in Queensland has a mortality rate 1.5 • The handshake is a common greeting times higher for total deaths and two for Samoan Australians and 10 times higher for avoidable deaths than appropriate for both men and women . the total Queensland population12. The • Prolonged direct eye contact is not rates of hospitalisation of Samoa-born 10 Queenslanders are between two and common during conversation . Brief 12 and frequent eye contact is seven times higher . 10 recommended . • Samoa-born people living in New • Samoan Australians may say yes when Zealand have been shown to have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease they do not necessarily understand or 13 agree with what is being said5,9. compared to other ethnic groups . • Some Samoan Australians, particularly • In Hawaii, Samoa-born people have women, may be reluctant to discuss been shown to have higher rates of health issues openly with a health cancers including nasopharynx, liver, practitioner11. prostate and thyroid in men, and liver, thyroid and blood in women, than • The gender of the health provider may native Hawaiians14. be an issue for Samoan Australians, particularly for younger people, and • In New Zealand, tuberculosis levels are relatively higher in Samoan and other women may appreciate being asked if 15 they have a prefer a female health care Pacific Islander people . 9 provider . • There is little mental health research on Samoan communities in Australia, New Zealand and the United States6. Community Profiles for Health Care Providers Health beliefs and practices median weekly income for Samoa-born people in Australia aged 15 years or • Some Samoan Australians believe that older was $450 compared to $466 for illness (including cancer, the total Australian population2. musculoskeletal and neurological problems) is caused by spirits, or • Research suggests that domestic retribution for not adequately helping violence may be more prevalent in family members in Samoa6,11 . Pacific Islander communities in Australia, New Zealand and the United • If Australian medicine is perceived as States6. There is some evidence to ineffective, Samoan Australians may suggest that living conditions away use traditional healers6,11 . from Samoa may increase the occurrence of domestic violence as a • Queensland’s climate allows for the result of changes in gender roles with growth of many plants used for increased opportunities for education traditional medicines11. Some of these 11 and employment for women and plants are readily available . decreased opportunities for men, and an absence of extended family • Prayer is an important element of the 16 healing process for many Samoans11. buffering and social support . • The loss of close family and social ties Social determinants of health and increased family financial • The overall literacy rateiv in Samoa is obligations, including remittances, may high. In 2001, the literacy rate was 99.7 be sources of additional stress for 6 per cent (men 99.6 per cent, women Samoan Australians . 7 99.7 per cent) . Utilisation of health services v,1 • Proficiency in English (2006 Census) : in Australia − 85 per cent of Samoa-born men and 88 per cent of Samoa-born women • There are no published studies of reported that they spoke English health service utilisation of Samoa- well or very well born people in Australia. − 14 per cent of men and 10 per cent • Samoan Australians are likely to of women reported that they did not underutilise health services because of speak English well the lower emphasis placed on health prevention and health promotion − One per cent of men and two per behaviours6. Other major barriers to cent of women reported that they health service usage among Samoa- did not speak English at all. born people include education level and type of occupation6. • At the time of the 2006 Census, 35.2 per cent of Samoa-born people aged 15 • Church-based mobile health prevention years and older had some form of programs including breast and cervical higher non-school qualificationsvi cancer screening programs, have compared to 52.5 per cent of the total proved effective in increasing cancer Australian population2. screening in Samoa-born women in the United States17. • The participation rate in the workforce (2006 Census) was 63.6 per cent and • Because of shame and stigma, mental unemployment rate was 9.4 per cent health problems are not easily talked compared to the corresponding rates about with people from outside of the of 64.6 per cent and 5.2 per cent in the person’s family, with consequent total Australian population2. The delays in seeking professional help9. Community Profiles for Health Care Providers References 1. Australian Bureau of Statistics. CDATA Census 2006. Available: https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CDATAOnline. Accessed 07/12/2010, 2010. 2. Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Community Information Summary: Samoa-born. Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra; 2006. 3. Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Settlement reporting database. Available: http://www.immi.gov.au/settlement. Accessed 07/12/2010, 2010. 4. Museum Victoria Australia. History of immigration from Samoa. Available: http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=51. 5. Diversicare: Tiumalu F SM. Samoans in Queensland. Unpublished data. Diversicare: Townsville; 2009. 6. McGarvey ST, Seiden A. Health, well-being, and social context of Samoan migrant populations. Napa Bulletin 2010;34:213-228. 7. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The world fact book. CIA; 2010. Available: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/. 8. Daniel K. SBS World Guide: The complete fact file on every country. Sixteenth Edition ed. Prahan Victoria: Hardy Grant Books; 2008. 9. Allotey P, Manderson L, Nikles J, Reidpath D, Sauvarin J. Cultural diversity: A guide for health professionals. Queensland Government Press: Brisbane; 1998. 10. Culture Crossing. Samoa. Available: http://www.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student_details.php?Id=7&CID=234. 11. Queensland Health and Faculty of Medicine NaHSaMU. Cultural dimensions of Pregnancy, Birth and Post-natal care.