UCSB McNair Scholars Research Journal UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA 2015 Volume 5 UCSB McNair Scholars Research Journal University of California, Santa Barbara 2015 – Volume 5 University of California Nondiscrimination Policy The University of California, in accordance with applicable Federal and State law and University policy, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender, gender expression, gender identity, pregnancy, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), genetic information (including family medical history), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, status as a protected veteran or service in the uniformed services. The University also prohibits sexual harassment. This nondiscrimination policy covers admission, access, and treatment in University programs and activities. Inquiries regarding the University’s nondiscrimination policies may be directed to: Ricardo A. Alcaíno 3217A Phelps Hall University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106-2060 (805) 893-4505 Cover photo: Tony Mastres, UCSB Photo Services ii UCSB McNair Scholars Research Journal McNair Program Staff Program Director Dr. Beth E. Schneider Assistant Director Monique Limón Program Coordinator Micaela Morgan Graduate Mentors Andrew MacDonald Holly Roose Veronica Zavala Writing Specialist Dr. Ellen Broidy Journal Editors Dr. Beth E. Schneider Dr. Ellen Broidy Journal Layout/Design Carlos Jimenez iii UCSB McNair Scholars Research Journal 2015 - Volume 5 Table of Contents McNair Program Staff p. iii Table of Contents p. iv Letter from the Executive Vice Chancellor p. vii Letter from the Executive Dean p. ix Letter from the Program Director p. xi Letter from the Journal Editors p. xiii Lizette Wences p. 1 “Talk Slowly Like a Turtle”: Speech Therapy Strategies Influencing Metalinguistic Awareness UCSB Mentor: Dr. Mary Bucholtz Department of Linguistics ______________________________________________________ Michelle Parra p. 24 UCSB Hookup Culture: How Sexism, Heteronormativity, and Racism are Reproduced and/or Challenged UCSB Mentor: Dr. Leila J. Rupp Department of Feminist Studies iv UCSB McNair Scholars Research Journal Erik Suarez p. 65 California K-12 School Districts Ability to Maintain Resources Constant for Students (1995-2011) UCSB Mentor: Dr. Jon Sonstelie Department of Economics ______________________________________________________ Joleana Shurley p. 80 Evolution by Selection in Iterated Language Learning Experiments University of Edinburgh Mentor: Dr. Monica Tamariz Department of Linguistics and English Language Leslie Rene Castro p. 102 Pushing Boundaries, Transgressing Extremes, & Transforming Identities: Latino/a Identity in the Los Angeles Extreme Metal Scene UCSB Mentor: Dr. David Novak Department of Music Jacqueline Partida p. 128 Consciousness Raising through Artistic Interventions in the Ni Una Mas Social Movements University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Mentor: Dr. Alejandro Lugo, Department of Anthropology v Victor Marta p. 154 Media’s Influence on Fertility: A Study from Uganda UCSB Mentor: Dr. Javier Birchenall Department of Economics Iliana Avila p. 182 Salvadoran-American Experiences: First Generation Salvadorans in Southern California UCSB Mentor: Dr. Dolores Inés Casillas Department of Chicana and Chicano Studies California State University, Los Angeles Mentor: Dr. Beth Baker-Cristale, Department of Anthropology Contributors p. 202 Ronald E. McNair Biography p. 206 vi UCSB McNair Scholars Research Journal Letter from Executive Vice Chancellor David Marshall I am very pleased to introduce Volume V of the UC Santa Barbara McNair Scholars Research Journal. Named after Dr. Ronald E. McNair Jr., physicist and NASA astronaut, the national McNair Scholars Program is a program designed to provide research opportunities for first-generation college, low-income, and underrepresented undergraduates with the goal of preparing them for graduate school. Our local UC Santa Barbara McNair Scholars Program supports our campus efforts to advance the diversity and quality of our students, and to prepare them for success beyond their undergraduate experience. By combining undergraduate research with faculty mentoring and academic support services, the McNair Scholars Program provides a path to graduate school for students from families that in the past may not have considered even an undergraduate college education. UC Santa Barbara is very proud to have been formally designated this year as an Hispanic Serving Institution in recognition of the fact that 27% of our students are of Hispanic origin. Indeed, UCSB is the first member of the American Association of Universities (AAU)—an elite group of the 62 top research universities in North America—to receive this designation. As a public research university, UC Santa Barbara strives to support its students and to give them the knowledge, understanding, and skills to make future contributions to the State of California. The McNair Scholars Research Journal recognizes the research accomplishments of a select group of 8 undergraduate scholars from a wide range of disciplines who have successfully completed our McNair Scholars Program. Their contributions to this journal represent the hard work and intellectual creativity of students who, we expect, will become leaders in their respective fields. In our program, students develop a strong bond with mentors who offer guidance and serve as role models in order to help the students realize their potential. The journal also reflects the contributions of the faculty mentors who exemplify the dedication of our campus to undergraduate success. vii The quality, originality, and creativity of the scholarship published here are very impressive. This research augurs well for the future contributions of these students to scholarship and society. I congratulate the McNair Scholars, applaud their faculty mentors, and extend my appreciation to the staff of the McNair Scholars Program for their dedication and work in helping these students succeed. David Marshall Executive Vice Chancellor viii UCSB McNair Scholars Research Journal Letter from the College of Letters and Sciences Executive Dean L. Melvin Oliver Welcome to the fifth issue of the UCSB McNair Scholars Research Journal. The work of the scholars in this journal highlights the fruits of an apprenticeship relationship that they shared with a faculty mentor to better understand and learn to carry out research in their respective fields. The research they have produced represents the result of applying creative ideas to research questions using systematic and rigorous methods of established research protocols in several areas, ranging from the humanistic social sciences to math/economics and linguistics. I am certain you will agree with me that this research is both impressive and engaging. The UCSB McNair Scholars were encouraged to advance their education in hopes that they will become the next generation of college and university professors. We have seen scholars in previous cohorts go on to prestigious graduate and professional schools and we have no doubt that, as a consequence of their McNair experience, these scholars too will excel in their graduate programs. As first generation, and often underrepresented minorities, they are an important resource for higher education as our student population becomes more diverse and our nation's productivity becomes increasingly reliant on the academic, economic and social success of this multiethnic mosaic. I salute the Director, Dr. Beth Schneider, the Assistant Director, Monique Limón, Program Coordinator Micaela Morgan, Writing Consultant Dr. Ellen Broidy, graduate mentors, and the array of faculty mentors who have selflessly given of their time, for creating the kind of supportive and nurturing environment that has made the production of this journal possible. And finally, I want to salute the McNair Scholar authors who, I hope, will look fondly ix upon this publication as one of their first in a long line of research publications in a stellar academic career! Sincerely, Melvin L. Oliver Executive Dean, College of Letters and Sciences and SAGE Sara Miller McCune Dean of Social Sciences x UCSB McNair Scholars Research Journal Letter from McNair Program Director, Dr. Beth E. Schneider Volume V of the UCSB McNair Scholars Program is now in the hands of our students, alumni, faculty mentors, campus allies, and colleagues in McNair programs around the country. As the Director of the UCSB McNair Scholars Program since its inception, it is a pleasure to showcase the work of some of our outstanding students. These scholars and authors spent 18 months or more with the UCSB McNair Scholars Program. Expectations were high for these scholars, and each of the students met them, presenting their faculty-mentored scholarship at one McNair Scholars National Research Conference and/or at one professional association as well as offering at least two poster sessions in academic symposium on our campus. Among this current group of 8 authors are seven seniors who applied to graduate school this academic year; all will attend graduate school in Fall 2015 at the following excellent universities (UC-San Diego; UC-Berkeley; Purdue University; University of Illinois-Chicago; University of Indiana- Bloomington; University of Maryland; University of Wisconsin- Madison). The papers published in Volume V are the final versions of manuscripts our graduates