The Reconstruction netw rks There’s More Online about events of the Era Reconstruction era. 1865–1896 CHAPTER 18 ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How do new ideas change the way people live? Lesson 1 Planning Reconstruction Lesson 2 The Radicals Take Control Lesson 3 The South During Reconstruction Lesson 4 The Post-Reconstruction Era The Story Matters . Frederick Douglass has done as much as any American in winning freedom for African Americans. Formerly enslaved, Douglass became a powerful voice for the abolitionist cause. During the Civil War, he shared his advice with President Lincoln himself. Now, he is looking forward to the rebuilding of the nation—Reconstruction. He says, “Whether the tremendous war so heroically fought and so victoriously ended shall pass into history a miserable failure … must be determined one way or another by the present session of Congress.” In this chapter, you will read about Congress’s response to Douglass’s challenge. ◀ In the years leading up to the Civil War and after, Frederick Douglass was a leading voice for African American rights. Bettmann/CORBIS 497 491_493_DOPA_SE_MS_C18_CO_659693.indd 491 PDF PROOF 3/10/11 11:46 AM Program: DOPA Component: Student Vendor: Six Red Marbles Grade: Middle School FL CHAPTER 18 Place and Time: United States 1865 to 1896 After the Civil War, the federal government faced the task of putting the nation back The United States in the Reconstruction Era together. At the same time, the nation continued to N grow and confront a variety W Washington Territory 40°N E Co of challenges all across lummbia R. S Montana the continent. Territory . R e k a Oregon n S Idaho 140°W TerritoryTeTerrrritoory Step Into the Place Transcontinental Railroad completed, 1869 . Wyo R MAP FOCUS The federal o t Terr. n government admitted Southern e m a r c NevadaN d states back into the Union, and a S the nation sought to establish Utah Territory R. Colorado o control of the West. PACIFIC OCEAN California d ra 1876 lo o C 1 PLACE Which former Confederate state was the fi rst to rejoin the Union? 30°N Arizona HUMANENVIRONMENT 2 Territory New INTERACTION Which states Mex. and territories are likely to be Terr. impacted by completion of the transcontinental railroad? Explain Reconstruction Military Districts, 1867 your answer. District 1: General John Schofield 3 CRITICAL THINKING District 2: General Daniel Sickles District 3: General John Pope Making Inferences Why do you District 4: General Edward Ord think diff erent states reentered the District 5: General Philip Sheridan Union at diff erent times? 18761876 Date admitted or readmitted to Union Battle with Native Americans MEXIC 20°N 130°W 120°W 110°W AbrahamAb h LincolnLil A. Johnson U. S. Grant R. 1861–1865 1865–1869 1869–1877 18 1870 Fifteenth Step Into the Time Amendment ratifi ed TIME LINE Look at the U.S. PRESIDENTS time line. When was the First U.S. EVENTS Reconstruction Act passed? 1860 1870870 How much longer did WORLD EVENTS Reconstruction last? 1861 Southern states 1871 Bismarck 18 form Confederacy 1865 Civil War ends 1868 Fourteenth unifi es Germany Amendment ratifi ed 1867 Russia sells Alaska to United States 1867 First Reconstruction Act passed 498 The Reconstruction Era White House Historical Association Whit 491_493_DOPA_SE_MS_C18_CO_659693.indd 492 PDF PROOF 3/15/11 2:52 PM Program: DOPA Component: Student Vendor: Six Red Marbles Grade: Middle School FL MAP Explore the interactive NGSSS covered in Place and Time netw rks version of this map on NETWORKS. Students will understand the following benchmarks from There’s More Online! TIME LINE Explore the interactive the Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards. version of this time line on SS.8.A.1.2 Analyze charts, graphs, maps, photographs and time lines; NETWORKS. analyze political cartoons; determine cause and eff ect. SS.8.G.4.6 Use political maps to describe changes in boundaries and governance throughout American history. a CANADA New Hampshire Maine Vermont Montana M uperior is L. S 60°W so Territory u r i R . Minnesota L . H Dakota u Massachusetts 40°N r ho n o Wisconsin o ari a t Territory n On oorryy M g . i L iss New York i h ss i c ailroad p i Michigan Rhode Island p i M 69 R Wyo . Connecticut . Terr. L L. Erie Pennsylvania Nebraska Iowa Great Chicago Fire, New Jersey 1867 te R. 1871 at Pl Ohio Utah Illinois Ind. Delaware Territory Colorado 10th Cavalry, W. Maryland R. Buffalo Soldiers Va. Virginia o Exodusters, 1879 . d 1876 io R ra Oh 1870 lo Kansas o C Missouri Kentucky North . e R Carolina A se rk es izona a Tennessee n 1868 ns n as e R 1866 T South ATLANTIC OCEAN rritory New Indian . Arkansas Territory 1868 . Carolina Mex. R 30°N i p 1868 p Terr. i s s i s Alabama Georgia s i Miss. M 1868 1870 9th Cavalry, 1870 Texas Buffalo Soldiers 1870 La. 1868 0 300 miles R io Florida G r 0 300 km a n 1868 d Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection e Gulf of Mexico MEXICO 110°W 90°W 80°W 70°W R. B. Hayes James Garfi eld Chester Arthur Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison Grover Cleveland 1877–1881 1881 1881–1885 1885–1889 1889–1893 1893–1897 nth 1880 189018 1900 arck 1877 Reconstruction ends 1882 Egypt comes under British control 1891 Famine spreads 1896 Ethiopia defeats any across Russia invading Italians 1879–1880 Edison perfects the 1889 Hull House sed electric incandescent lightbulb opens in Chicago ation White House Historical Association 499 491_493_DOPA_SE_MS_C18_CO_659693.indd 493 PDF PROOF 10/7/11 4:19 PM Program: DOPA Component: Student FL Vendor: Six Red Marbles Grade: Middle School FL netw rks sl re There’s More Online! th GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Reconstruction Plans en SLIDE SHOW w • Reconstruction in se the South • Lincoln’s Funeral Procession Lesson 1 th fo Planning Reconstruction sw be ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do new ideas change the way people live? se ho It Matters Because se Plans for Reconstruction after the Civil War proved difficult T and divisive. NGSSS covered in So “The Reconstruction Debate” on SS.8.A.5.8 Explain and evaluate the policies, practices, and consequences of The Reconstruction Debate a Reconstruction (presidential and congressional reconstruction, Johnson’s GUIDING QUESTION Why did leaders disagree about the South rejoining the Union? kn impeachment, Civil Rights Act of 1866, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, le opposition of Southern whites to The Confederate states tried and failed to break away from the Reconstruction, accomplishments and be failures of Radical Reconstruction, United States. Now, they had to rejoin that Union. In addition, presidential election of 1876, end of sp Reconstruction, rise of Jim Crow laws, rise of the war left the South’s economy and society in ruins. It would Ku Klux Klan). co take much effort to restore the states that had experienced so pa much destruction during the war. th The task of rebuilding the former Confederate states and readmitting them to the Union was called Reconstruction (ree • kuhn • STRUHK • shuhn). The president and members of Congress had different ideas about how to achieve these goals. The debate over Reconstruction led to bitter confl ict in the years following the Civil War. Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan President Lincoln offered the fi rst plan for bringing Southern states back into the Union. In December 1863, while the Civil War still raged, Lincoln presented his ideas. Lincoln’s plan required voters in each Southern state to take an oath of loyalty to the Union. When 10 percent of the voters in a state had taken the oath, the state could form a new state government. The state would also be required to adopt a new constitution that banned (l) Library [LC-DIG-cwpb-03370], of Congress (c & r) Library LC-USZC4-1155 of Congress Library [LC-DIG-cwpb-03370] of Congress Reading HELPDESK Taking Notes: Summarizing Lincoln Content Vocabulary Re Using a graphic organizer like the one shown here, write short • Reconstruction So summaries of the Reconstruction plans proposed by Abraham Reconstruction • amnesty am of Lincoln, the Radical Republicans, and Andrew Johnson. Radicals Johnson 500 The Reconstruction Era 494_497_DOPA_SE_MS_C18_L1_659693.indd 494 PDF PROOF 10/7/11 4:20 PM Program: DOPA Component: Student Vendor: Six Red Marbles Grade: Middle School FL slavery. Once a state had met these conditions, it could send representatives to Congress. Lincoln’s proposal was known as the Ten Percent Plan. Lincoln did not want to punish the South after the war ended. He believed that punishment would accomplish little and would slow the nation’s healing from the war. Lincoln wanted to see white Southerners who supported the Union take charge of their state governments. He offered amnesty (AM • nuh • stee) — forgiveness for any crimes committed—to those who would swear loyalty to the Union. Only Confederate leaders would not be offered amnesty. In 1864, three states—Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee— set up new governments under Lincoln’s plan. Congress, however, was not willing to accept the new states. It refused to seat their senators and representatives. The Radical Republicans Some members of Congress thought Lincoln’s plan went too easy on the South. A group of Republican representatives favored a more radical approach to Reconstruction. This group was known as the Radical Republicans, or the Radicals. Radical leader Thaddeus Stevens said that Southern institutions “must The city of Richmond, Virginia, shown be broken up and relaid, or all our blood and treasure have been here, was the capital of the spent in vain.” The Radicals were powerful.