Studies in Computational Intelligence 738 Adam E. Gawęda Janusz Kacprzyk Leszek Rutkowski Gary G. Yen Editors Advances in Data Analysis with Computational Intelligence Methods Dedicated to Professor Jacek Żurada Studies in Computational Intelligence Volume 738 Series editor Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] About this Series The series “Studies in Computational Intelligence” (SCI) publishes new develop- ments and advances in the various areas of computational intelligence—quickly and with a high quality. The intent is to cover the theory, applications, and design methods of computational intelligence, as embedded in the fields of engineering, computer science, physics and life sciences, as well as the methodologies behind them. The series contains monographs, lecture notes and edited volumes in computational intelligence spanning the areas of neural networks, connectionist systems, genetic algorithms, evolutionary computation, artificial intelligence, cellular automata, self-organizing systems, soft computing, fuzzy systems, and hybrid intelligent systems. Of particular value to both the contributors and the readership are the short publication timeframe and the world-wide distribution, which enable both wide and rapid dissemination of research output. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7092 Adam E. Gawęda • Janusz Kacprzyk Leszek Rutkowski • Gary G. Yen Editors Advances in Data Analysis with Computational Intelligence Methods Dedicated to Professor Jacek Żurada 123 Editors Adam E. Gawęda Leszek Rutkowski Department of Medicine, Division Institute of Computational Intelligence, of Nephrology and Hypertension Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Louisville and Computer Science Louisville, KY Częstochowa University of Technology USA Częstochowa Poland Janusz Kacprzyk Systems Research Institute Gary G. Yen Polish Academy of Sciences School of Electrical and Computer Warsaw Engineering Poland Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK USA ISSN 1860-949X ISSN 1860-9503 (electronic) Studies in Computational Intelligence ISBN 978-3-319-67945-7 ISBN 978-3-319-67946-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67946-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017952518 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland This volume is an expression of gratitude to one of our professional colleagues and friends with whom we have had the pleasure to meet and work. It is dedicated to Dr. Jacek M. Zurada, one of the most prominent scientists and technical leaders in the field of computational intelligence, who has made many pioneering contributions to the field, notably to the theory and applications of neural networks. But, in addition to his widely recognized and cited works, he has equally distinguished himself through his career by his exceptional leadership and service to the profession and community. His illustrious academic and professional career spans over three stages: the early doctoral years in Poland and postdoctoral training at ETH Zürich in Switzerland (1972–1980), his academic work in the USA (1980–present), and his intermittent visiting professorship positions, first during his sabbatical at Princeton University and then during his summer stays in Singapore and Japan. It can be easily argued that the impact of Dr. Zurada’s technical, professional, and educational accomplishments has been extraordinary in each of these aspects alone, but only their sum, broadened by his generous personality, has made a truly unique and influential career. His work has heavily influenced the field, and it continues to inspire and benefit numerous researchers as it will for sure do for decades to come. For over 25 years, he has been one of the most recognizable scientists and personalities of the field of computational intelligence, notably in neural networks. This recognition is to be credited to his seminal works that continue to have lasting societal and technical impact. He has contributed to the fundamental understanding of the field through publishing many papers on significant theoretical advances and applications of tools and techniques developed in the field, to a large extent by himself and his collaborators, and through authoring a groundbreaking book that has been widely considered as a pioneering and standard reference of the field. His contributions have resulted in about 10500 citations. One of his most widely recognized singular contributions is to the area of recurrent attractor networks that use complex-valued neurons (1996) which established a new and seminal paradigm of the Hopfield-type associative memories. Further, he has developed one of the most successful and widely applied methods to deal with the “black box nature” of neural networks through their sensitivity evaluations. This novel idea has allowed for an efficient and systematic reduction of oversized architectures, pruning of inputs and other simplifications. Based on this seminal concept of the perceptron networks sensitivity, other algorithms have been developed for network pruning, derivation of logic rules and explanation capabilities. Well over two dozen authors had continued extending the early concepts proposed by Dr. Zurada. One of the most attractive applications of neural networks has been in the field of computer-assisted medicine. Here, Dr. Zurada’s work in drug dosing with computational methods has opened new avenues and lines of inquiry for numerous researchers all over the world. Working with his colleagues in the University of Louisville’s School of Medicine and his Ph.D. students, he has devised new pharmacokinetical models for renal clinic patients and for different drugs. These pioneering works have resulted in numerous articles in many highly respected journals and opened new vistas for both the theory and practice. Last but not least, Dr. Zurada’s signature contribution is his famous book “Introduction to Artificial Neural Systems” which is widely recognized as the first comprehensive and cohesive academic text of the field. It has ingeniously combined the scope and depth of coverage with the clarity of exposition. It has also been reprinted in Singapore, Poland, Egypt, and most recently in India, the latter of which underscores this pioneering work’s outstanding longevity. This book has successfully bridged the gaps between the early multifaceted research by scientists from various fields including psychology, physics, information theory, computer science, electrical engineering, and others. In fact, this contribution of Dr. Zurada has laid the foundation for numerous neurocomputing courses in electrical/computer and other engineering and computer science departments throughout the world. Dr. Zurada’s academic teaching emphasizes in-depth, project-based learning that helps electrical/computer engineers to stay technically current as the technology evolves during their careers. He has also served the industry as a consultant and lecturer. He has advised 21 Ph.D. and many more M.Sc. students many of whom now hold leadership positions in industrial R&D centers, academia, and governmental agencies in the USA, Korea, and Poland. He has also delivered 170 invited, plenary, and keynote conference presentations and seminars throughout the world. He has served as IEEE Distinguished Speaker for the IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society, and served as a Distinguished Lecturer the IEEE Circuits and Systems and Computational Intelligence Societies. It is also the editors’ pleasure to cite Dr. Zurada’s distinguished career of service to the profession, mostly to the IEEE all the editors are strongly attached to. Since 1992, he has served in many editorial roles. He was an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Parts I and II, and a Member of the Editorial Board of the Proceedings of the IEEE and Senior Advisory Editor of IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine. He also served as the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks (1998–2003). He has served as a chair or member of about 140 conference committees. He has made