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Published by Advanced Quality Research Publishing in partnership with International Institute for Policy Review & Development Strategies and International Universities. Published Books are in Electronic and Print versions. Books are cited in International Facts Sheets/Achieves, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, EBSCO Information Services, Canada, Advanced Research E-link and University Libraries. PERSPECTIVES ON AFRICAN HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE, POLITICS, AND BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT Published by Advanced Publishers University of Calabar, Nigeria www.internationalpolicybrief.org © May, 2021 ISBN: 978-978-703-706-9 DOI: 10.48028/iiprds/ap-21/pahipbd.7069 Managing Editor Dr. Bassey Anam Institute of Public Policy and Administration University of Calabar, Cross River State Nigeria - West Africa [email protected] Tel: +234 8174 380 445 Directorate of Policy & Research International Scientific Research Consortium Engr. (Dr.) Abdulazeez D. El-Ladan Conventry University, United Kingdom ED. Jonah Ulebor Lextra Education Ltd United Kingdom Hussein Botchway University of Energy & Natural Resources Sunyani, Ghana Chukwemeka J. Diji, PhD Kampala International University page |i| Perspectives on African Health Infrastructure, Politics, and Business Development Editorial Board Members Dr. Bassey Anam Institute of Public Policy and Administration, University of Calabar, Cross River State PT. Hussein Botchway Office of Clinical Innovation Strategy and Policy (OCISP) Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra, Ghana Prof. Yusufu Ali Zoaka Department of Political Science University of Nigeria, Abuja Prof. Nathaniel Ozigbo Department of Business Administration, University of Abuja Dr. John Aliu Department of Banking and Finance, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna State Nigeria Dr. Doris Chukwu Department of Political & Administrative Studies, University of Port Harcourt International Copyright Law: All right reserved under the International Copyright Law. This volume is published by the Advanced Publishers. This book- its cover page design and content may not be used or produced in any manner without written permission from the publisher. Designed & Produced by: Advanced Publishers University of Calabar, Nigeria page |ii| Perspectives on African Health Infrastructure, Politics, and Business Development Dedication Dedicated to the International Institute for Policy Review & Development Strategies for providing a platform and supporting Institutional and Collaborative Research for Sustainable Development. page |iii| Perspectives on African Health Infrastructure, Politics, and Business Development Acknowledgement Contributors are greatly acknowledged for supporting research on Perspectives on African Health Infrastructure, Politics, and Business Development. page |iv| Perspectives on African Health Infrastructure, Politics, and Business Development Content INTRODUCTION Strengthening African Health Infrastructure, Politics, and 1 Business Systems Dr. Bassey Anam Health Infrastructure in Africa Hussein Botchway 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES Taking on the Challenges of Health Care in Africa 4 Lily B. Clausen Ways to Improve Healthcare in Africa 6 Joseph Jimenez The Health of the People: What Works 9 Bulletin of the World Health Organization Policy and Institutional Dimensions of Africa's Political 11 Economy in an Age of Globalization African Capacity Building Foundation, Zimbabwe Markets and Opportunities for Private Investors 1Dilek Ayku T. & 2Monika Blaszkiewicz-Schwartzman 16 African Governance: Challenges and Their Implications Chester A. Crocker 19 McKinsey Global Institute's Report on the African Economy 34 page |v| Perspectives on African Health Infrastructure, Politics, and Business Development Content Chapter 1 COVID-19 and Psychological Distress among Youths in 37 Nasarawa State, Nigeria 1Ajidani Glorious Moses & 2Ajidani Moses Sabo Chapter 2 British Colonial Administration and Perspectives on 53 Disintegration and Transformation of Keana Confederacy 1Yusuf Abdullahi Ogwuzebe & 2Umar Elems Mahmud Chapter 3 Islamism, Boko Haram and the Security Challenges in 72 West African Sub Region Waisu Iliyasu Chapter 4 The structure of the Nigerian Economy: A Revisit 86 Oguchi, Chinweuba Benjamin Chapter 5 An Exploratory Study of Women Entrepreneurs in Sokoto State 94 and their Awareness of the Availability of Formal Credit Hafsah Olatunji Chapter 6 Assessing the Impact of Stress Management on Employee 122 Performance in Service Industries in Enugu, Nigeria 1Nduji, Romanus & 2Oriaku Chris Chapter 7 Strategic Management and the Process of Entrepreneurship 140 Development in Nigeria Oriaku, C. C. page |vi| Perspectives on African Health Infrastructure, Politics, and Business Development Content Chapter 8 Application of Transformative Educational Research Paradigm Theory: Implications for Improved Research Studies on Transformation Agenda 1Theresa Baikwe Osusu & 2Okafor, Ikechukwu Maduka 152 page |vii| Perspectives on African Health Infrastructure, Politics, and Business Development Introduction Strengthening African Health Infrastructure, Politics and Business Systems Dr. Bassey Anam Institute of Public Policy & Administration University of Calabar DOI: 10.48028/iiprds/ap-21/pahipbd.7069.int01 ealth is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease (WHO, 1948). Health is a resource for Heveryday life, not the objective of living. It is experienced when people have and enjoy complete emotional and physical well-being. Good health makes for a happy life; central to handling stress and living a longer, more active, and productive life. This means that health is a resource to support an individual's function in wider society, rather than an end in itself. For citizens to experience good health, infrastructure in the health sector must be significantly improved. It includes among other things, physical structures, advanced machines, specialist doctors, nurses, and other paramedical professionals and developed pharmaceutical industries. Health Infrastructure has been described as the basic provision for the delivery of public health activities in a productive and meaningful manner. The five components of health infrastructure are skilled workforce, integrated electronic information systems, public health organizations, resources, and research (Kumar and Gupta, 2012). Lack of functional health infrastructure is one of the problems affecting health care delivery in Africa, and Nigeria in particular. This literature argues that developments in health infrastructure will provide a significant contribution in promoting the health and well-being of all individuals, irrespective of age groups, communities, categories, and backgrounds. Other variables that forms the focus of this edition are politics and business. There are central issues for African developing countries. Politics revolves around the activities associated with the governance of a country or area, especially the relationship between parties having power. Politics, when construed from power page |1| Perspectives on African Health Infrastructure, Politics, and Business Development and economic dynamic, establishes the rules of who gets development benefits and why. It explains the allocation of acquisition and allocation of economic resources within the state. Political changes in Africa have affected development institutions and the structure of governance. Party interest has overtaken economic and social interest. Political institutions have not lived up to public expectations. This has created economic and social imbalances in the country. Economic crisis and decline, the state of maladjustment of African economies, the decline of the informal sector, and the erosion of domestic policy autonomy and capacities represent a critical component of the context within which politics is being restructured in Africa. In Nigeria, partisanship, corruption, widespread violence and arms, insecurity, among other things have taken the central stage and development has not been possible. There is a significant relationship between politics and the viability of business systems in Africa. The fallouts of politics in Africa create institutional, economic, business, political, and social challenges that face Africa today. These challenges also include the marginalization of Africa from the global economy and scarce development finance. Achieving economic growth and running business in Africa has therefore become challenging. This is inspite of the decades of IMF and World Bank-led structural adjustment programs that starkly failed to revive the African economies (Moyo, 2009). Investing in African health infrastructure, politics and business