PAPERS OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ARCHEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY VOL. XLVIII-NO. 1 CONTRIBUTIOI\STO THE ANTHROPOLOGYOF.' THE CAUCASUS BY HENRY FIELD CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A. PUBLISHED BY THE MUSEUM 1953 PntNrno sy rHE CntlasoN PnrxrrNc ConpeNy C.l,ltrnrtco, Messlcnusnrrs, U.S.A. PREFACE DROM April I to July 31, 193+, the Field gogical Institute, the Director of the Ingu- I' Museum Anthropological Expedition to shetian Institute, the Director of the North rhe Near East, of which I was leader, contin- Osetia Institute in Ordzhonikidze; the Ukrain- ruedthe anthropometric survev of Iraq. This ian Academy of Sciences (UAN) in Kiev; Frpedition was financed bv Mr. N,iarshall and the Director of the Anthropological Mu- Field. During August and the early parr of seum and VOKS in Moscow; the late Acad- Scptember we worked in Iran. On September emician Karpinski and the Staff of the Acad- ll. r\,Ir. Richard A. Martin and I entered the emy of Sciences of the USSR, the Director Union of Soviet Socialist Republics at Baku. and Staff of GosudarstvenniaAkademiia Istorii Prior to leaving Chicago, I had notified Mr. Materialnoi Kultury (GAIMK), the Institut \\-allace A{urrari Chiei of the Division of Antropologii i Etnografii (IAE), Academi- \ear Eastern Affairs in the Department of cian Orbeli, Director of the Hermitage N{u- \trte in Washinston that the membersof this seum, and the late Academician N. I. Vavilov l.rpedition wer6 planning to work in Iraq, of the Institute of Plant Industrv in Lenin- Irln. and the Caucasus. As a result Ambassa- srad. Jor William C. Bullitt and the President of During our six weeks in the Soviet lJnion, Vsesoiuznoe Obshchestvo Kulturnykh Sno- working under the special aegis of VOKS, .irenii (VOKS) in A4oscorvobtained the oer- we received the utmost courtesv everwvhere nrits necessary for the free entry of our Ex- and our scientific investigationi-of were facili- pedition eqnip-ent into the USSR. tated by the Academy Sciences of the Our itinerarv was as follou's: Baku. Tbilisi USSR. formerly Tiflis), Ordzhonikidze (formerly The tabulations for this Report were Vladikavkaz, now Dzaudzhikau), Rostov, prepared for the International Business ma- Khalkov, Dnieproges, Dnepropetrovsk, Kiev, chines in the Anthropometric Laborarory ar \loscow, and Leningrad. the Peabody Alluseum,Harvard. The statistical The recording of anthropometric data u.as calculations were made by Dr. Carl Seltzer. confined to 50 Yezidis and 4 Armenians in This publication has been'prepared rvith the l-bilisi and 106 men and 50 tvomen from -generous collaboration of Dr. E. A. Hooton. \orth Osetia in Ordzhonikidze. Throuehout \raluable advice rvas given bv Sir Ellis rhe Expedition, Richard Martin took all the N,{inns,A{r. W. E. D. Ailen, Dr] Alexander photographs, not only of the racial rypes, but Baschmakoff, and N,IissR. W. Flemins. rlso of the general views of the country. In I rvish, also, to record my gratitudJ to the r room in ihe Hotel National, Mosco#, he Iibrarians of the following iistitutions, who developed 750 negatives in thirty-six hours facilitated the reference'iv-ork: Field Atluseum so that they could be examined by the Soviet of Natural History (norv Chicaso Natural censors,who passedthe entire series. History A.'Iuseum);'Oriental Instittite, Univer- I must record our gratitude not only to the sity of Chicago; Crerar Library; Nervberry individuals who assisted our anthropometric-but Library; Peabody Nluseum, lVidener Library, u-ork in Tbilisi and Ordzhonikidze, also and Institute of Geographical Exploration, to the Academy of Sciences in Baku; the Han'ard; Ner,v York Public Library; Library -\cademy of Sciencesof Georgia; the Director of Congress; U. S. Army N'ledical Library; and Staff of the Museum of Georgia: the Geo- Bodleian Library, Oxford; University Library, trraphical Institute of the University of Geor- Cambridge; London Library; Royal Geo- sla, and to A. Surkhatian of ZakavkazskoeOb- graphical Society; Royal Asiatic Society; Roy- 'hchestvo Kulturnykh Snoshenii (ZOKS) in al Central Asian Society; A{us6ede Trocad6ro, Tbilisi; T. Demurorv, Chairman of Education Paris; Museum Azgos, Baku; University of for North Osetia, the Director of the Peda- Georgia and i\Iuseum of Georgia, Tbilisi; r I I vl THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE CAUCASUS Osetian A.lluseum, Ordzhonikidze; Lenin Li- planned tribal map of Southwestern Asia, a blal)-: trIoscow; I and ibrary of the Academy portion of which was published in 1940 as a of Sciences,Leningrad. ro lupplement "The Anthropology of Iraq, . Since many of fhe referencesare in Rus- Part I, No. I, The Upper Euirhraids." sran, translatronsof many passageswete made In order to set the s^tdeefortttis srudv of the br' .\lr. EugeneV. Prostov,formerly of Iowa Osetes,I have compiled'in Chapter I'data on State Library, Ames, Iowa; Dr. Alexander the anthropogeography of the Caucasus in de Sushko at the Universityof Chicago;and general, of-Tianicaucisia and Ciscaucasia,of by ,\lr. - Rimsky-Khorsakoffin Boston] Georgia. and.finally, of Oseria. In this way The transliti:rationof Russiannames fol- the reader will have a general picture of the lows, wherever possible,the Library of Con- land and the people in-cluding'the extensive gress system. Diacritical marks have been and diverse niourirainous arei and the tinv omitted. area which is Osetia. The namechanges, such as Tbilisi for Tiflis, The next phase in this study required the have often been iepeatedfor the sakeof the most intensive effort, becauseof tne necessity studentto whom suchchanqes might be un- for combing libraries at home and abroad. se- familiar. Similarly, words In braikets have Iecting excirpts for translation, hiring the beeninserted to eiucidatethe text. translators and editing their results. This At Field Museum of Natural Historv I formed an unusually Eeavy burden. I have must record my thanks for assistancefiom had to rely heavily on my friend and collabo- Mr. Richard A. Martin, Curator of Near rator, Mr. Eugene \,'. Prostov, who translated EasternArchreology and Miss Morelza Mor- many passages from Russian sources. It row, my temporary research assistant. In seemed necessaryto compile all available per- typing part of the final revisionof the manu- tinent historical'referencis to the Osetes'and script I had the benefit of the assistanceof their ancestors, the Alans. In this chapter I Miss Betsy King Rossin Cuernavaca,Mexico. have followed the same merhod employed in In spelling Oseres,not Ossetes,and their Chapter III of my "Contributions to t6e An- derivatives,I-have accepted the followinq rec- thropology of Iran," wherein are given a se- ommendationfrom Sir Ellis A,linnsin a'lefter Iected series of historical referen-cesto the datedSeptember 10, 1938: "I think it is a good peoplesof Iran (pp. 36-158and 601-51). principle to get rid of the ss that Gerirans About one-third of the material assembled baveintroduced into many words in order to for Chapter II in this sfudy was reiected as show that it is a surd s not a sonantz as they undesirable. Since we begah this compilation pronounces. I do not think there is any lusti- in reverse chronological-recent 5rder to sive added fication for two ssin Osete. The oldeit iorm weight to the more authoritles, we did of the nameis ls or O; the et is the Georgian not discover until much tedious work had termination but it does look naked witliour been done that many writers quoted and Dara- it: OCETtr{H, the Russianform hasthe Geor- phrased Vsevelod A4iller's #ritings witiout gian et plus a double Slavonic termination. the slightest sign of acknowledgmdnt. Hence It has given Osetinian in English which no as soon as I had the translation of Miller's one rvould defend. I think Oiete is a reason- work before me, I saw at once the source of able compromise." numerous Iater excerpts-all of which were Grateful acknorvledgmentsfor the use of destroyed with fitting expletives. illustrationsare herewith made: fieures l-20 In presenting in Cf,aptir III my anthropo- to Chicago Natural Historv A4userlm(form- metrii data on"the Norlh Osetes and Yezi'dis, erly Field Museum of Narirral History); and the _sahe system of presentation has been figures2l-24 to Mr. JulienBryan. Figure 2l- employed ai in my Iran and Iraq Reports. so 24 may not be reproduced without written tha't the material should prove d'irect'ly .o-- permissionfrom Mr. Bryan. The large tribal parable.I have presumed-that the reader will map of the Caucasusis basedon publiihed and have accessto my previous publications (see unpublished sources obtained for the most References) part in Tbilisi. This sheet is part of our Chapters IV and V are based on my mea- PREFACE vlt surements and observations on 19 crania the Soviet IJnion," which appeared in the measured in the Caucasus. Smithsonian fuIiscellaneous Cbllections, vol. The index (pp. 143-54) should assist the 110, no. ll. pp. l-24+, December 22, 1948, reader in locaiine the scattered references should be considered as a companion volume since a larqe nuriber of cross-references in to this publication. the text se&ned inadvisable. From 1935-52 summaries of archaeological Appendix A dealswith South Osetia, which finds throughout the Soviet Union have 6een I have almost otherwise neglected because I published, ivith the collaboration of Eugene did not visit it nor did I obiain any available V. Prostor', and of larter years rvith tha-t of anthropometric data on a group"of South Kathleen Price. As soon as political influence Osetes. appeared within the Academy of Sciences,we Appendix B contains some quotations and decided to cancel this work. As a direct result, observations on artificial cranial deformation, I decided to close our series of articles with an important facror in discussinghead form in material up to December 31, 1948.