Table Of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................................... III EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................................................V 1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................1 1.1 OBJECTIVE ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 DRIVERS FOR NEXT GENERATION OPTICAL NETWORKS ....................................................................................... 2 1.3 CHALLENGES & BENEFITS FOR NETWORK OPERATORS ........................................................................................ 3 2 NEXT GENERATION OPTICAL NETWORKS.......................................................................................5 2.1 ATTRIBUTES OF THE DIFFERENT NETWORK SEGMENTS........................................................................................ 5 2.1.1 Long-Haul Network...................................................................................................................................5 2.1.2 Metropolitan Area Network........................................................................................................................7 2.1.3 Access Network........................................................................................................................................8 2.2 OPTICAL NETWORK EVOLUTION ................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.1 SONET/SDH Networks ..............................................................................................................................9 2.2.2 Architecture of Existing Optical Networks ................................................................................................. 10 2.2.3 Architecture of Next Generation Optical Network, Issues and Challenges .................................................... 13 2.3 STANDARD DEVELOPMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.1 ITU-T .................................................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.2 IETF ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 2.3.3 Automatic Switched Optical Network (ASON) and Automatic Switched Transport Network (ASTN) ................ 24 2.3.4 Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) ....................................................................................................... 26 2.3.5 Optical Domain Service Interconnect (ODSI) ............................................................................................ 27 2.3.6 IEEE Standard Development on Gigabit Ethernet & Resilient Packet Ring.................................................... 27 2.3.7 ITU Standards Development on Passive Optical Network (PON) ................................................................. 30 3 PHOTONICS ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES .......................................................................................35 3.1 OPTICAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES ............................................................................................... 37 3.1.1 DWDM................................................................................................................................................... 37 3.1.2 Soliton Transmission ............................................................................................................................... 40 3.1.3 Optical Regeneration .............................................................................................................................. 41 3.2 ACTIVE COMPONENTS & SUB-SYSTEMS ....................................................................................................... 42 3.2.1 Lasers ................................................................................................................................................... 42 3.2.2 Optical Ampliers ................................................................................................................................... 45 3.2.3 Optical Switching.................................................................................................................................... 48 3.3 PASSIVE COMPONENTS & SUB-SYSTEMS ...................................................................................................... 55 3.3.1 Connectors ............................................................................................................................................ 56 3.3.2 Dispersion Compensators........................................................................................................................ 57 3.3.3 Optical Filters......................................................................................................................................... 60 3.3.4 Optical Fibres ......................................................................................................................................... 58 3.4 ADVANCED OPTICAL & MEMS PACKAGING AND AUTOMATED MANUFACTURING ......................................................... 63 3.4.1 Optical-Electronic (OE) Integration........................................................................................................... 63 3.4.2 Thermal Solutions for Optical Components ............................................................................................... 65 3.4.3 Optical Packaging Materials ..................................................................................................................... 66 3.4.4 Optical Assembly and Reliability Testing ................................................................................................... 67 3.4.5 MEMS Packaging Issues and Challenges................................................................................................... 68 4 SINGAPORE LANDSCAPE................................................................................................................71 4.1 TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY ............................................................................................................... 71 4.2 RESEARCH COMMUNITY ......................................................................................................................... 73 4.3 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ........................................................................................................................ 74 5 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................79 ANNEX A. OPTICAL NETWORKING IN OTHER COUNTRIES................................................................83 A.1 CANADA ............................................................................................................................................. 83 A.2 CHINA ............................................................................................................................................... 84 A.3 EUROPE ............................................................................................................................................. 84 A.4 JAPAN ............................................................................................................................................... 86 A.5 KOREA .............................................................................................................................................. 86 A.6 USA ................................................................................................................................................ 86 ANNEX B. MAJOR SUBMARINE CABLE NETWORKS LINKING SINGAPORE ........................................89 ANNEX C. LOCAL RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS & CENTRES ..................................................................93 GLOSSARY ..........................................................................................................................................97 SURVEY FORM ..................................................................................................................................105 i Infocomm Technology Roadmap Release February 2002 NEXT GENERATION OPTICAL NETWORKS & PHOTONICS List of Figures and Tables Figure 1. Multi-layer Structure of Existing Networks................................................................10 Figure 2. Evolution of Optical Networks in Long-Haul.............................................................16 Figure 3. Evolution of Optical Networks in MAN.....................................................................17 Figure 4. Layered Structure of OTN.....................................................................................20 Figure 5. Conceptual View of OTN.........................................................................................21 Figure 6. Digital Wrapper.....................................................................................................21 Figure 7. IETF Optical Internetwork Model............................................................................22