AND EUROPE EDITED BY $17.50 LOUIS XIV AND EUROPE LOUIS XIV AND EUROPE Edited by RAGNHILD HATTON Ohio State University Press Editorial matter and selection © Ragnhild Hatton 1976 Chapters 1-11 inclusive © The Macmillan Press 1976 In U.S.A. and Canada Copyright © 1976 by the Ohio State University Press All Rights Reserved. First published in the United Kingdom 1976 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Published in the U.S.A. 1976 by OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS Columbus Printed in Great Britain Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title : Louis XIV and Europe Includes index. 1. France—Foreign relations—1643-1715—Addresses, es­ says, lectures. 2. France—Politics and government—1643­ 1715—Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Hatton, Ragnhild Marie. DC127.3.L68 320.9'44'033 75^5334 ISBN 0-8142-0254-3 Contents Preface Vll Notes on Contributors ix Maps xii PART I GENERAL PROBLEMS 1 Louis XIV's Methods in Foreign Policy Victor-L. Tapie 2 Louis XIV and his Fellow Monarchs Ragnhild Hatton 16 3 Louis XIV and the Germanies Georges Livet 60 4 Louis XIV and the Jacobites Claude Nordmann 82 PART II CASE-STUDIES 5 Louis XIV and the Electorate of Trier 1652-1676 Rene Pillorget 115 6 An Attempted Rapprochement between France and the Emperor : the Secret Treaty for the Partition of the Spanish Succession of 19 January 1668 Jean Berenger 133 7 Louis XIV and the Dutch War PaulSonnino 153 8 Louis XIV and the Outbreak of the Nine Years War Geoffrey Symcox 179 9 Attempts to Build a 'Third Party' in North Ger­ many, 1690-1694 Janine Fayard 213 10 The End of an Era: Louis XIV and Victor Amadeus II Ralph D. Handen 241 vi Contents 11 Colbert de Torcy, an Emergent Bureaucracy, and the Formulation of French Foreign Policy, 1698— 1715 John C. Rule 261 Glossary 289 Chronology 291 List of Persons 303 Preface These essays are intended to put students in touch with im­ portant research in, or trends of thought on, the foreign policy and problems of Louis XIV's reign. Some of them will be familiar to academic teachers since they are either translations and/or amended versions of articles and contributions which have appeared in print; others have been commissioned for the volume. The book is divided into two parts. The first is devoted to general views of various kinds. It opens with Tapie's analysis of Louis XIV's methods in foreign policy and with the editor's examination of Louis in a contemporary European perspective. Next follows Livet's discussion of Louis' relationship to the Ger­ manies (the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Austrian Habs­ burg dominions), and Nordmann's resume of Louis XIV's policy towards the Jacobites. In the second part, given up to specific case-studies, a chronological arrangement has been adopted. Pillorget's research into the relationship of the archbishop-electors of Trier to France, both before and after Louis XIV took over the government, is vital to an understanding of the eastern frontier problem. Berenger's detailed study of the secret partition treaty of 1668 between the emperor Leopold and Louis XIV illuminates a significant stage in Austria's relations with Spain and France. Sonnino's interpretation of Louis' military memoirs for the Dutch War rests on minute detective work; and he clearly proves his point that Louis-though possibly less con­ sciously than Sonnino assumes — tailored the finished memoirs to fit that picture of himself which he wished to bequeath to posterity. Symcox's examination of the outbreak of the Nine Years War explores new ground and is vital to our grasp of the situation in 1688-9. Janine Fayard's contribution is focused on North Germany and is especially important because she puts into perspective the sums spent on pensions and presents to further a given foreign-policy objective by a comparison with viii Preface incoming sums in the same period. Handen examines a significant decision in Louis' foreign policy : the abandonment of France's traditional Italian objectives in the 1690s. Finally, Rule's analysis of the Torcy period, 1698-1715, throws light both on the relation­ ship between Louis XIV and Torcy and on the developing bureaucratisation of the French foreign office. The editor wishes to thank the contributors for their help and co-operation in making their work available for publication. The translations have been made by Dr Geoffrey Symcox of the University of California at Los Angeles and Dr Derek McKay of the London School of Economics, in collaboration with the editor. Hamish Scott of the University of Birmingham kindly helped with the proof-reading. The editor is grateful to the Ohio State University Press for permission to reprint (with minor changes) her own contribution which originally appeared in Louis XIV and the Craft of King­ ship, edited by John C. Rule; for permission to reprint other articles she must thank the XVIP Siecle, the Revue d'Histoire Diplomatique, and the Revue des Travaux de V Academie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. The editor has appended a glossary of French and German terms which may be unfamiliar, a list of persons mentioned where they are not sufficiently explained in the text or in the notes, and a chronology of significant dates for the foreign policy of the reign. Notes on Contributors JEAN BERENGER, Docteur es Lettres, Professor at the University of Rennes II. Author of 'Charles Colbert, Marquis de Croissy', in R. Mousnier (ed.), Le Conseil du roi de Louis XII a la Revolution (1970); Les Gravamina. Remonstrances des Dietes de Hongrie de 1655 a 1681 (1973); Finances et absolutisme autrichien dans la seconde moitie du XVIIs siecle (1975). JANINE FA YARD, Maitre-Assistant in Modern History at the Univer­ sity of Dijon, former member of Ecole des Hautes Etudes His­ paniques. Author of 'La tentative de reforme du Conseil de Castile sous la regne de Philippe V (1713-1715)', Melanges de la Casa de Velasques, vol. n (1966). RALPH D. HANDEN, Assistant Professor at the University of Cali­ fornia (Riverside), has written a Ph.D. thesis at Ohio State University on France's relationship with Savoy during the Nine Years War. He is now working on the history of science, a subject for which both his earlier science degree and his undergraduate and postgraduate history degrees fit him well. RAGNHILD HATTON, Professor of International History, University of London (L.S.E.). Author of War and Peace 1680-1720 (1969), Europe in the Age of Louis XIV (1969), Louis XIV and his World (1972); co-editor of and contributor to William III and Louis XIV. Essays by and for Mark A. Thomson (with J. S. Bromley, 1968) and of Studies in Diplomatic History. Essays in Memory of David Bayne Horn (with M. S. Anderson, 1970). GEORGES LIVET, Docteur es Lettres, Professor of Modern History at the University of Strasbourg. Vice-President of the Comite Frangais des Sciences Historiques. Editor of three volumes in the Recueil des Instructions aux Ambassadeurs et Ministres de France, xxvn, Etats Allemands: vol. I, Elector at dc Mayence (1962), vol. n, Elec­ torat de Cologne (1963), vol. m, Electorat de Treves (1966). Author of several books on Alsace, on the Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years War; and of a chapter in the New Cambridge Modern History, A* x Notes on Contributors vol. iv (1970). His latest book is Guerre et Paix de Machiavel a Hobbes (1972). CLAUDE NORDMANN, Docteur es Lettres (Sorbonne), Professor of Modern History at the University of Lille III. Author of Charles XII et ['Ukraine de Mazepa (1966); Grandeur et liberte de la Suede 1660—1792 (1971); La montee de la puissance europeenne, Les Temps Modernes 1492-1661, in the series edited by Roland Mousnier (1972). RENE PILLORGET, Docteur es Lettres, Director of Studies at the Centre d'Etudes Superieures de la Renaissance at the University of Tours. Author of numerous articles in XVIIe Siecle, Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, Revue d'histoire diplomatique, Provence Historique, Les mouvements insurrectionnels de Provence entre 1596 et 1715 (1975); with Dr Suzanne Pillorget, La France de la Renaissance (1972). JOHN C. RULE, Professor of History at the Ohio State University. Author of 'King and Minister : Louis XIV and Colbert de Torcy', in William III and Louis XIV. Essays by and for Mark A. Thomson, ed. Hatton and Bromley (1968); editor of Louis XIV and the Craft of Kingship (1969) and contributor of two chapters, 'Louis XIV, Roi-Bureaucrate' and 'Louis XIV : a Bibliographical Introduction'; author of 'France and the Preliminaries to the Gertruydenberg Conference : September 1709 to March 1710', in Studies in Diplo­ matic History. Essays in Memory of David Bayne Horn, ed. Hatton and Anderson (1970). PAUL M. SONNINO, Associate Professor of History at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Author of 'The Dating and Authorship of Louis XIV's Memoires', French Historical Studies (1964); Louis XIVs View of the Papacy, 1661-1667 (1966); 'Louis XIV. Memoires pour l'histoire de la guerre d'Hollande', French Historical Studies (1973). GEOFFREY SYMGOX, Associate Professor of History at the University of California, Los Angeles. Author of The Crisis of French Sea Power 1688-1697 (1974). VICTOR-L. TAPIE, Docteur es Lettres, Professor Emeritus of Modern History at the University of Paris (Sorbonne), member of the In­ stitut de France and of the Academie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. Author of La France de Louis XIII et de Richelieu (1952; 2nd ed. 1967, translated and edited as France in the Age of Louis XIII and Richelieu by D. McN.