AA FFuurrtthheerr LLooookk aatt TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess aanndd CCaappaabbiilliittiieess ffoorr SSttaabbiilliizzaattiioonn aanndd RReeccoonnssttrruuccttiioonn OOppeerraattiioonnss By Richard Chait, Albert Sciarretta, John Lyons, Charles Barry, Dennis Shorts, Duncan Long Center for Technology and National Security Policy September 2007 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or positions of the National Defense University, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. All information and sources for this paper were drawn from unclassified materials. Richard Chait is a Distinguished Research Fellow at the Center for Technology and National Security Policy (CTNSP), National Defense University (NDU). He was previously the Chief Scientist, Army Materiel Command, and Director, Army Research and Laboratory Management. Dr. Chait received his PhD from Syracuse University and a BS degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Albert Sciarretta is a Senior Research Fellow at CTNSP and president of CNS Technologies, Inc. He is a retired Army armor officer who served in operational and science & technology assignments. He received two MS degrees—Operations Research and Mechanical Engineering— from Stanford University and a BS degree from the U.S. Military Academy. John W. Lyons is a Distinguished Research Professor at CTNSP. He was previously director of the Army Research Laboratory and director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Dr. Lyons received his PhD from Washington University. He holds a BA from Harvard and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Charles Barry is a Senior Research Fellow at the CTNSP. He is a retired Army officer who is considered an expert on military strategy, international relations, and information systems related to command and control. Dr. Barry received his PhD from the University of Baltimore. He holds a BA from Loyola University of Chicago. Dennis Shorts is a Senior Consultant with Booz Allen Hamilton in Seoul. He currently serves as an Operational Net Assessment Analyst with U.S. Forces Korea (USFK). A former Army officer, he holds a double BA degree from Texas Christian University and an MS in Foreign Service from Georgetown University. Duncan Long is a Project Associate with the RAND Corporation. He was previously a Research Associate at CTNSP. He holds a Master of International Affairs degree from the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, and a BA from Stanford University. Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Thomas Killion, Army S&T Executive, and Dr. Hans Binnendijk, Director of the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at the National Defense University for their support of this effort. Mr. Paul Manz, Technical Director, PM Battle Command, and Mr. Anthony Lisuzzo, Director, Intelligence and Information Warfare Directorate, U.S. Army Communications-Electronics Command, provided valuable information on current Army command and control and counter- improvised explosive device efforts. Dr. Elizabeth Redden and Mr. Daniel Turner, of the Fort Benning Field Element of the Human Research and Engineering Directorates, Army Research Laboratory, were instrumental in assisting the authors with identifying warfighter participants and establishing a methodology for interacting with them. LTC Robert DeHaan, U.S. Army, Chief, Science and Technology at Battle Command Battle Lab – Leavenworth provided a wealth of expert advice and insight into the S&T gaps and priorities of Army Battle Command research and experimentation. Defense & Technology Papers are published by the National Defense University Center for Technology and National Security Policy, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, DC. CTNSP publications are available online at http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/publications.html. ii Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2. Stabilization and Reconstruction Report I Update........................................................ 4 Chapter 3. Use Case Analysis of S&R Capability Needs............................................................... 8 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 8 Use Case Development............................................................................................................... 9 The Use Cases........................................................................................................................... 13 Use Case 1: Reaction to IED Attack..................................................................................... 14 Use Case 2: Perimeter Security............................................................................................. 16 Use Case 3: City Rebuild...................................................................................................... 17 Results of the Use Case Analysis.............................................................................................. 18 Battle Command ................................................................................................................... 18 Small Unit Operations........................................................................................................... 18 Battlespace Awareness.......................................................................................................... 19 Intelligence, Reconnaissance, and Surveillance ................................................................... 19 Force Application.................................................................................................................. 19 Force Protection.................................................................................................................... 19 Unmanned Systems............................................................................................................... 20 Non-Lethal Capabilities........................................................................................................ 20 Information Operations......................................................................................................... 20 Logistics................................................................................................................................ 20 Combat Medicine.................................................................................................................. 20 Mitigation of Collateral Damage .......................................................................................... 20 Reconstruction ...................................................................................................................... 20 Training................................................................................................................................. 20 Chapter 4. Warfighter Assessment of Use Case Analysis ............................................................ 21 Command, Control, Communications, and Computers (C4).................................................... 22 Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) ............................................................. 25 Additional Capability Areas ..................................................................................................... 26 Discussion of Broad Themes .................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 5. Battle Command.......................................................................................................... 30 Battle Command Background................................................................................................... 30 Unique Battle Command Requirements of S&R Operations ................................................... 32 Current System Capabilities Enabling Battle Command.......................................................... 40 System Level Technology Gaps Impacting Battle Command in S&R Operations .................. 42 Chapter 6. Some Technologies of Interest.................................................................................... 46 Electronics................................................................................................................................. 46 Sensors ...................................................................................................................................... 49 Power Sources for the Individual Soldier ................................................................................. 53 Basic Research in Advanced Materials..................................................................................... 54 Robotic Systems........................................................................................................................ 56 Combat Casualty Care .............................................................................................................. 60 System Level Battle Command Technologies.......................................................................... 65 iii Chapter 7. Summary and Concluding Remarks............................................................................ 68 Battle Command ................................................................................................................... 76 Small Unit