THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTER-COMMUNAL FIGTHING IN CYPRUS: 1948-1974 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY MURAT ÇALIŞKAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DECEMBER 2012 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences __________________________ Prof. Dr. Meliha Benli Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. __________________________ Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı Head of the Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. __________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Faruk Yalvaç Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Faruk Yalvaç (METU-IR) _________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pınar Akçalı (METU-ADM) _________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. SevilayKahraman (METU-IR) _________________________ ii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Murat Çalışkan Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTER-COMMUNAL FIGTHING IN CYPRUS: 1948-1974 ÇALIŞKAN, MURAT Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Faruk Yalvaç December 2012, 166 pages This thesis aims to examine the development of inter-communal fighting in Cyprus between 1948 and 1974. It focuses on the domestic factors of inter- communal fighting by analyzing the gradual evolution of Greek and Turkish Cypriot stances. The thesis argues that the inter-communal fighting of Cyprus is rooted in the historical and domestic factors. This thesis analyzes the continuities and changes in Cyprus politics. This work accordingly will examine the articulation of various political and social factors in Cyprus. Contrary to the prevailing dominant perspective, this thesis mentions that the inter-communal fighting was not the product of only external forces but their articulation with domestic factors as they evolved historically. Therefore, the issue of „„ethnic polarization‟‟ will be emphasized as the basic source of the conflict. Evaluating the development of inter-communal struggle, this thesis also emphasizes the gradual mobilization and the eventual politicization of the main aims of the Greek and Turkish communities. Keywords: Turkish Nationalism, Greek Nationalism, Civil War, Cyprus Question. iv ÖZ KIBRIS‟ TA TOPLUMLAR ARASI ÇATIŞMANIN GELİŞİMİ : 1948-1974 ÇALIŞKAN, MURAT Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Faruk Yalvaç Aralık 2012, 166 Sayfa Bu tez 1948-1974 tarihleri arasında Kıbrıs‟ta toplumlararası çatışmanın gelişimini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Tez, Kıbrıs Rum ve Türk toplumlarının aşamalı dönüşümünü inceleyerek, toplumlararası çatışmanın yerel etkenlerine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışma, Kıbrıs siyasetindeki süreklilikleri ve değişiklikleri de incelemektedir. Bu tez toplumlar arası çatışmanın tarihsel ve yerel etmenlere kök saldığını iddia etmektedir. Tarihsel süreç içinde Kıbrıs‟ta gelişen çeşitli siyasi ve kültürel yapıların birbirine eklemlenmesini de incelenecektir. Tezde genel iddianın aksine, Kıbrıs‟taki toplumlararası çatışmanın sadece dış kaynakların bir ürünü olmadığı belirtilmektedir. Bu nedenle, „„etnik kutuplaşma‟‟ konusu toplumlararası çatışmanın temel kaynağı olarak vurgulanacaktır. Toplumlararası çatışmanın gelişimi değerlendirilirken, ayrıca Kıbrıs Türk ve Rum toplumlarının amaçları doğrultusunda harekete geçip siyasallaşma süreçleri de incelenmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türk Milliyetçiliği, Yunan Milliyetçiliği, İç Savaş, Kıbrıs Sorunu. v To My Mother Selma And To the Memory of My Father Mustafa vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitute to my superviser Assoc. Prof. Dr. Faruk Yalvaç for his guidance, patience, criticism and insight about the thesis. I am also extremely grateful to his valuable friendship whenever I became low-spirited. I record my sincere thanks to my committee members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pınar Akçalı and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sevilay Kahraman for their contribution and kind help. I also owe thanks to all academic staff of the Department of International Relations for their deep knowledge and friendship. I am deeply grateful to all special people in Cyprus who helped me in many ways during my field work in North Cyprus. In addition, I wish to express my sense of gratitude to one and all who, directly or indirectly, have lent their helping hand in this work. I would like to express my special thanks to Instructor Şükran Gizem Güzel from METU Department of Modern Languages and my Greek friend Georgios Giannopoulos from the University of Athens for the translation of Greek Cypriot newspapers. Finally, I express my deepest thanks to my mother Selma Çalışkan and my sister Feyhan Çalışkan (Caymaz) who have supported me throughout my life. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ..................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ......................................................................................... iv ÖZ ......................................................................................................... v DEDICATION ..................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................. .viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................. x LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................. xii LIST OF MAPS ................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 1.1 The Objective and Content .............................................................................. 1 1.2 The Argument and Theory ............................................................................... 4 1.3 Cyprus, the People and the Dispute .................................................................. 6 2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CYPRUS ............................ 13 2.1 Ancient and Byzantine Cyprus (2000 B.C.-1191) .......................................... 14 2.2 Latin Cyprus (Frank and Venetian Rule 1192-1571) ...................................... 15 2.3 Ottoman/Turkish Cyprus (1570-1878) ........................................................... 17 2.4 British Cyprus (1878-1959) ........................................................................... 24 3. POLITICIZATION AND MOBILIZATION OF TURKISH AND GREEK COMMUNITIES IN CYPRUS ........................................... 33 3.1 The Politicization and Mobilization of Turkish Community of Cyprus........... 33 3.1.1 The Collective Memory and Conquest Metaphor ......................................... 34 3.1.2 The Effects of the Establishment of Republican Turkey on Turkish Community in Cyprus .......................................................................................... 38 3.1.3 The Consolidation and Institutionalization of Turkish Cypriot Community.. 43 viii 3.2 The Politicization and Mobilization of Greek Community of Cyprus ............. 52 3.2.1. The Hellenic-Orthodox Values and Cyprus Church .................................... 52 3.2.2 The Establishment of Hellenic Kingdom; Great Idea and Resurrection ....... 58 3.2.3 The Communism in Cyprus ......................................................................... 61 4. THE NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTER- COMMUNAL FIGHTING BEFORE INDEPENDENCE (1948- 1959) .................................................................................................... 64 4.1 The Gathering Storm ..................................................................................... 64 4.2. The Emergence of Armed Insurrections ..................................................... ...70 4.3. The Road to Independence ............................................................................ 85 5. THE NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTER- COMMUNAL FIGHTING AFTER INDEPENDENCE (1960-1974) ............................................................................ 93 5.1. The Constitutional Disputes of 1960-1963 .................................................... 93 5.2. Inter-Communal Fighting 1963-1964 .......................................................... 103 5.3. The Conflict and Inter-Communal Relations ............................................... 121 5.4. Cutting the Gordion Knot ........................................................................... 127 5.5. Operation Attila .......................................................................................... 138 6. CONCLUSION ............................................................................. 145 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................ 151 APPENDICIES………………………………………………………165 A. TEZ FOTOKOPİ İZİN FORMU…..……………………………165 ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AKEL Anorthoniko Komma Ergazomenou Laou (Progressive Working People‟s Party/The Communist Party of Cyprus) EOKA Etniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston