Viktoria Stray Rashina Hoda Maria Paasivaara Philippe Kruchten (Eds.) Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming LNBIP 383 21st International Conference on Agile Software Development, XP 2020 Copenhagen, Denmark, June 8–12, 2020, Proceedings 123 Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing 383 Series Editors Wil van der Aalst RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany John Mylopoulos University of Trento, Trento, Italy Michael Rosemann Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Michael J. Shaw University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA Clemens Szyperski Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7911 Viktoria Stray • Rashina Hoda • Maria Paasivaara • Philippe Kruchten (Eds.) Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming 21st International Conference on Agile Software Development, XP 2020 Copenhagen, Denmark, June 8–12, 2020 Proceedings 123 Editors Viktoria Stray Rashina Hoda University of Oslo Monash University Oslo, Norway Clayton, VIC, Australia Maria Paasivaara Philippe Kruchten IT University of Copenhagen University of British Columbia Copenhagen, Denmark Vancouver, BC, Canada ISSN 1865-1348 ISSN 1865-1356 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing ISBN 978-3-030-49391-2 ISBN 978-3-030-49392-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49392-9 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020. This book is an open access publication. 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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface This volume contains the research papers of the 21st International Conference on Agile Software Development (XP 2020), planned to be held June 8–12 at the IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the conference was held online. XP is the premier agile software development conference combining research and practice. It is a unique forum where agile researchers, practitioners, thought leaders, coaches, and trainers get together to present and discuss their most recent innovations, research results, experiences, concerns, challenges, and trends. XP conferences provide an informal environment to learn and trigger discussions and welcome both people new to agile and seasoned agile practitioners. XP 2020 marked the 21st edition of the “First Conference in Agile.” Agile continues to advance, and the focus of the XP conference program has expanded over the years. While the first XP conference focused on eXtreme Programming and predated the “Agile Manifesto,” XP 2020 solicited contributions that address all modern agile approaches, as well as the application of agile to areas including but not limited to FinTech, AI/ML, IoT, and other mission-critical systems with global reach. The XP 2020 conference invited submissions on 12 tracks, including research papers, research workshops, experience reports, industry and practice, doctoral sym- posium, education and training, on-site research, journal first, diversity and inclusion, leadership, agile games, and lightning talks. In total, across all submission types, we received over 300 proposals, which demonstrates that the XP community is growing and active. The research paper track invited submissions of unpublished high-quality research papers, full and short, related to agile and lean software development. Submissions addressing topics across the full spectrum of agile software development, broadly on agile, on issues of concern to researchers or practitioners or both were welcomed. The XP 2020 research paper track received 46 submissions. After the first screening by the track chairs, 37 submissions were sent for peer review. Each paper was reviewed by three members of the Program Committee. Based on the reviewer comments, 12 full and 4 short papers were accepted for publication in these proceedings. The papers contribute to the literature on agile research and experience, addressing a wide range of topics, including distributed development, large-scale transformation, ethics, leader- ship, user-centered design, and test-driven development. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all the people who contributed to XP 2020: the authors, reviewers, sponsors, chairs, and volunteers. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to the XP Conference Steering Committee and the Agile Alliance for their ongoing support. April 2020 Viktoria Stray Rashina Hoda Maria Paasivaara Organization Conference Chair Maria Paasivaara Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Program Co-chairs Viktoria Stray University of Oslo, SINTEF, Norway Rashina Hoda Monash University, Australia Publication Chair Philippe Kruchten The University of British Columbia, Canada Program Committee Noura Abbas Colorado Technical University, USA Scott Ambler SA+A, Canada Craig Anslow Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Hubert Baumeister Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Marthe Berntzen University of Oslo, Norway Jan Bosch Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Frank Buschmann Siemens AG, Germany Fabio Calefato University of Bari, Italy Daniela S. Cruzes SINTEF, Norway Torgeir Dingsøyr Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway Yael Dubinsky StepAhead, Israel Jutta Eckstein IT Communication, Germany Neil Ernst University of Victoria, Canada Steven Fraser Innoxec, USA Juan Garbajosa Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Eduardo Guerra National Institute of Space Research, Brazil Orit Hazzan Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Helena H. Olsson University of Malmö, Sweden Philippe Kruchten The University of British Columbia, Canada Kati Kuusinen Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Casper Lassenius Aalto University, Finland Ville Leppänen University of Turku, Finland Lech Madeyski Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland Michele Marchesi Cagliari University, Italy viii Organization Sabrina Marczak PUCRS, Brazil Tommi Mikkonen University of Helsinki, Finland Alok Mishra Atilim University, Turkey Nils Brede Moe SINTEF, Norway Jürgen Münch Reutlingen University, Germany Ipek Ozkaya Carnegie Mellon University, USA Ken Power Cisco Systems, Ireland Pilar Rodríguez University of Oulu, Finland Darja Šmite Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden Simone V. Spiegler University of Stuttgart, Germany Stefan Wagner University of Stuttgart, Germany Xiaofeng Wang Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy Hironori Washizaki Waseda University, Japan Contents Agile Adoption Agile Implementation and Expansive Learning: Identifying Contradictions and Their Resolution Using an Activity Theory Perspective . 3 Pritam Chita, Peter Cruickshank, Colin Smith, and Kendall Richards Onboarding: How Newcomers Integrate into an Agile Project Team . 20 Peggy Gregory, Diane E. Strode, Raid AlQaisi, Helen Sharp, and Leonor Barroca Agile Practices Combining User-Centered Design and Lean Startup with Agile Software Development: A Case Study of Two Agile Teams. 39 Ingrid Signoretti, Larissa Salerno, Sabrina Marczak, and Ricardo Bastos Agile Software Development Practices and Success in Outsourced Projects: The Moderating Role of Requirements Risk . 56 Oliver Krancher On the Use of Design Thinking: A Survey of the Brazilian Agile Software Development Community. 73 Matheus Prestes, Rafael Parizi, Sabrina Marczak, and Tayana Conte Characterising the Quality of Behaviour Driven Development Specifications . 87 Leonard Peter Binamungu, Suzanne M. Embury, and Nikolaos Konstantinou “I Don’t Understand!”: Toward a Model to Evaluate the Role of User Story Quality . 103 Daniel Hallmann Large-Scale Agile Large-Scale Agile Transformation: A Case Study of Transforming Business, Development and Operations . 115 Nils Brede Moe and Marius Mikalsen Improving Risk Management in a Scaled Agile Environment . 132 Eva-Maria Schön, Dirk Radtke, and Christian Jordan x Contents The Business