【カテゴリーⅢ】 日本建築学会計画系論文集 第82巻 第741号，2837-2842， 2017年11月 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 82 No. 741, 2837-2842, Nov., 2017 DOI http://doi.org/10.3130/aija.82.2837 CONSIDERATIONSCONSIDERATIONS ON ONTHE THE URBA URBANN FORMATION FORMATION PROCESS PROCESS OF THE OF THECAVITE CAVITE FORTIFIED FORTIFIED CITY CITY(PHILIPPINES) (PHILIPPINES) カヴィテの要塞都市（フィリピン）の都市形成過程に関する考察 ኈዑኀኣቑ尐⫭掌ゑ᧤ኲኀ዇኱ዐ᧥ቑ掌ゑㇱ㒟拝䲚቎栱ሼቮ劒⹮ Juan Ramon JIMENEZ VERDEJO ＊, Jesus Alberto PULIDO ARCAS ＊＊ and Shuji FUNO ＊＊＊ J.R. ヒメネス ベルデホ，J.A. プリドアルカス，布 野 修 司 Juan Ramon JIMENEZ VERDEJO㸨,Jesus Alberto PULIDO ARCAS**, Shuji FUNO*** J.R. ࣄ࣓ࢿࢫ࣋ࣝࢹ࣍J.A.ࣉࣜࢻ࢔ࣝ࢝ࢫᕸ㔝ಟྖ The fortified city of Cavite, located in Manila Bay, has played a remarkable role in the history of Spanish walled settlements in East Asia. Due to its geographical location and its inner harbor, this small town flourished for more than 200 years as a commercial and military enclave. Unfortunately, Cavite was obliterated by air raids during World War II, and nowadays just some traces of the former city’s walls and urban fabric can be seen. In this context, this research aims at clarifying the current state of this fortified city and reconstructing the historical process of its formation and transformation. Extensive fieldwork was performed to clarify the current condition of this area; consultation of historical maps from archives and databases has provided the main chronological periods which have influenced its historical evolution. Also, it identifies the most representative extant structures regarding the fortification system and the urban fabric which it encloses. Keywords: Cavite, fortified city, historical evolution, Philippines, Spanish colonial heritage. ࣦ࢝࢕ࢸ㸪せሰ㒔ᕷ㸪㒔ᕷᙧᡂ㐣⛬㸪ࣇ࢕ࣜࣆࣥ㸪ࢫ࣌࢖᳜ࣥẸᆅ㑇⏘ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 5HVHDUFKEDFNJURXQG During the nearly 400 years of Spanish rule in the Philippines, the Spanish settlers founded more than 200 cities with the traditional grid typology1), along with extensive defensive structures and also religious complexes, convents and churches, as part of colonization of the territory. The authors have already performed extensive studies in the field of extant Spanish colonial heritage in the Philippines2); Amongst these studies, references to the city of Cavite are scarce. Some studies have been conducted regarding the social structure of the city at present time3) or in the past4), because of its historical importance as a trading port in Manila. However, the authors have proven the hypothesis that a strategically located and well-populated port city, which is suitable for easy trade by virtue of its harbor and for defensive purposes results in the development of a rich urban fabric product of this commerce, together with a defensive system which ensures the proper defense of commercial and military interests5). This specific combination brought attention to this small enclave, which is located on the southern fringes of the vast conurbation of Mega Manila, being part of a larger extension with the legal denomination of ‘Cavite city’. For this reason, a distinction has to be made between this city and what will be called hereinafter ‘Cavite fortified city’, which refers to the historical quarter enclosed by the walls. In this way, the inception, Fig.Fig. 1 Manila Bay and CaviteCavite evolution and current state of this ensemble should be understood as a whole, embracing the urban tissue together with the fortification system itself, as no clear distinction can be made between the two elements. * Assoc. ＊ Assoc. Prof. SchoolProf., School of Environmental of Environmental Planning. Planning. University University of Shigaof Shiga Pref. Pref. * ⁠㈡┴❧኱Ꮫ⎔ቃᩱ◊✲ᩱ滋賀県立大学環境料研究料 ෸ᩍᤵ准教授・博士（技術工学） ༤ኈ㸦ᢏ⾡ᕤᏛ㸧 ＊＊ ** Professo Prof.,r. University of of thethe Bio-Bio Bio-Bio ** ࣅ࢜㸻ࣅ࢜኱Ꮫビオ＝ビオ大学建築科学部 ᘓ⠏⛉Ꮫ㒊 教授・博士ᩍᤵ ༤ኈ ＊＊＊ Project Prof., College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Dr.Eng. 日本大学生産工学部 特任教授・工博 *** Project Prof. of NIHON UNIVERSITY, College of Industrial Technology, Dr. Eng. *** ᪥ᮏ኱Ꮫ⏕⏘ᕤᏛ㒊 ≉௵ᩍᤵ࣭ᕤᏛ༤ኈ ─ 2837 ─ 2EMHFWLYHRIWKHUHVHDUFK The main objective of the research is to clarify the process of inception and evolution of Cavite fortified city through history, and to clarify the current state of the whole ensemble. In order to accomplish these objectives, the following issues have to be clarified: Identify the main historical events which have shaped the evolution of the city, in order to establish the breakpoints for the study. Identify the main elements which have prevailed, changed or disappeared through the historical evolution and classify them into defensive elements (walls, watchtowers, bastions), urban landmarks (streets, squares, urban voids) and architectural landmarks (civil buildings, churches, prominent houses). Identify amongst the former the elements which still prevail in the current Cavite fortified city. Establish relations of causality between the historical events and the formation and evolution of all the elements identified in the study. 5HVHDUFKPHWKRGRORJ\ The methodology is based mainly on a comparative study between the successive phases of this city through history, and a final comparison with the extant state. The steps which have been followed are as follows: 1. Compilation of documents regarding the historical evolution of Cavite fortified city. The following databases have been consulted: military archives; Geographic Service of the Spanish Army (Servicio Historico militar, Servicio Geografico del Ejercito), which provides a set of historical maps6) together with a complete transcription of their original legends7); General Archive of the Indies (Archivo General de Indias) in Spain. Moreover, as the Philippines was under American administration from 1898 to 1946, databases from the United States were also consulted. The electronic portal of the US Library of Congress8), US National Archives9), private databases of US soldiers, available online10), personal photographic databases of researchers, available on line11), have also material which complements ones available from the former resources. 2. All these materials were organized into three main categories. First, graphical documents, making a distinction between general plans, including maps of the urban grid and the fortified elements, and plans regarding specific representative buildings and fortifications (table 1). Secondly, complementary descriptions of the former group, which include map legends, transcriptions and clarifications. Thirdly, photographs, which have been related with the elements to which they refer. Finally, those additional materials which were used to compose the context of the fortified city of Cavite. 3. From points (1) and (2), after statistical treatment, data mining and historical analyses were undertaken to clarify two points. First, the main landmarks, regarding both the fortified system and the urban grid which have remained through time, either altered or unaltered. Secondly, the time periods which can be established to understand the historical evolution of this city. 4. Fieldwork was conducted in the area of Cavite fortified city in two campaigns. The first one was conducted in September 2009 and was aimed at a complete assessment of the extant urban grid; the second one was conducted in August 2015 and reassessed specific elements previously identified in 2009. Plans have been produced regarding the results of this phase of the work. 5. Finally, a comparative study between each historical milestone defined in point (3) and the current state defined in point (4) was done in order to clarify the final conclusions of the study. Table 1 List of Maps +LVWRULFDO)RUPDWLRQRI&DYLWHIRUWLILHGFLW\ The historical study of the urban process of Cavite has been carried out through analyses of the historical maps and aerial photographs with the best definition of the urban formation corresponding to the years 1659, 1730, 1815, 1841, 1880, 1941 and 1945. ─ 2838 ─ 2EMHFWLYHRIWKHUHVHDUFK &DYLWHRQ The main objective of the research is to clarify the process of inception and evolution of Cavite fortified city through history, and to clarify the current The first recorded map of Cavite dates back from 1659. In 1571 the state of the whole ensemble. In order to accomplish these objectives, the following issues have to be clarified: Spanish established a settlement in Manila, as well as in Cavite, which Identify the main historical events which have shaped the evolution of the city, in order to establish the breakpoints for the study. was conceived from the beginning as the port of Manila Bay. This port, the Identify the main elements which have prevailed, changed or disappeared through the historical evolution and classify them into defensive elements nearby seacoast settlements and Manila were declared royal encomienda (walls, watchtowers, bastions), urban landmarks (streets, squares, urban voids) and architectural landmarks (civil buildings, churches, prominent on 16 January 1571. This medieval form of social organization was aimed Fig.2 AGI, MP-Filipinas 143, Cavite, 1659 houses). at a rapid evangelization. The missionaries’ ‘encomenderos’ 12) had the Identify amongst the former the elements which still prevail in the current Cavite fortified city. obligation to bring the natives near the religious compounds (parishes, Establish relations of causality between the historical events and the formation and evolution of all the elements identified in the study. churches and convents). From Fig. 2 and the corresponding map (Fig. 3), it is remarkable that, between 1571 and 1659, an urban structure was 5HVHDUFKPHWKRGRORJ\