Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport Named After Academician V

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport Named After Academician V

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE DNIPROPETROVSK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT NAMED AFTER ACADEMICIAN V. LAZARIAN International Scientific Multidisciplinary Conference of Students and Beginner Scientists «Modern Technologies: Improving the Present and Impacting the Future» November 22, 2018 (Dnipro, Ukraine) 2018 УДК 81’243 Editorial board: I.A. Koliieva T.A. Kuptsova The editorial board bears no responsibility for the content of the abstracts and any possible errors. Publishing board address: DNURT, Academician V. Lazarian Street, 2, Dnipro, Ukraine, 49010 Modern Technologies: Improving the Present and Impacting the Future: International Scientific Multidisciplinary Conference of Students and Beginner Scientists. – Дніпро : Дніпропетр. нац. ун-т залізн.трансп. ім. В. Лазаряна, 2018. – 143 с. Збірка містить тези доповідей Міжнародної наукової мультидисциплінарної конференції студентів і молодих учених «Modern Technologies: Improving the Present and Impacting the Future», яка відбулася 22 листопада 2018 р. у Дніпропетровському національному університеті залізничного транспорту ім. академіка В. Лазаряна. Тези представлені англійською, німецькою, французькою та іспанською мовами. Для студентів, аспірантів, викладачів. Друкується в авторській редакції. © Дніпропетр. нац. ун-т залізн. трансп. ім. акад. В. Лазаряна 1 Natalia Gustova Universidad de Málaga, España EFECTOS DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO SOBRE EL TURISMO EN ESPAÑA Como bien se sabe, el cambio climático está ejerciendo los efectos sobre distintas áreas de nuestra vida y nuestro entorno. Uno de los aspectos más importantes y globales que sienten aquella influencia es la rama de la economía, que, a su vez, engloba otros varios sectores, entre los que también encontramos turismo. El turismo en España es la actividad promotora del desarrollo económico. Según los últimos datos disponibles, en 2017 turismo aportó 172.900 millones al PIB español, lo que supone un 14,9% del PIB. Sin embargo, debido a su localización geográfica, España es uno de los países europeos que más vulnerable se sentiría respecto del fenómeno del cambio climático. Los impactos del cambio climático, a diferencia de las crisis económicas, son mucho más complicados de corregir. Este proceso natural tarda décadas, por lo cual es posible que no se note la diferencia en seguida, sin embargo, los efectos que provoca son muy graves. Más concretamente, el éxito de la actividad turística desde el punto de vista económico depende de los recursos con los que se cuenta y el clima que afecta a la zona. El clima en particular afecta a la distribución temporal y geográfica de los turistas en el territorio del país a lo largo del año (A. Moreno, 2010). Existe un amplio abanico relacional entre los impactos climáticos y las consecuencias sobre el territorio y los recursos disponibles en éste. Veamos algunos de ellos que más afectan al territorio español en particular y a la actividad turística (fuente: elaboración propia): Impacto Consecuencias para el turismo Aumento de Cambios en la estacionalidad, aumento de los costes de temperaturas energía (aires acondicionados/calefacción), cambios en la estructura de las poblaciones, cambios en la distribución de flora y fauna en una zona dada Aumento del nivel Deterioro de recursos en primera línea de costa, pérdida del mar de los recursos de playa Reducción de las Escasez de recursos hídricos, conflictos sobre el uso del precipitaciones agua, desertificación, sequías, aumento de incendios forestales Mayor intensidad de Deterioro de las infraestructuras y recursos turísticos tormentas Cambios en la Pérdida de atractivos naturales y especies, aumento de la biodiversidad terrestre y aparición de ciertas enfermedades marina Como hemos podido ver, el proceso del cambio climático ejerce sus acciones que afectan a varios sectores de nuestro entorno, la mayoría de ellos están vinculados a la rama económica, otros de ellos al propio bienestar y salud de la población local y los visitantes. Sin embargo, y gracias al hecho de que en España en sector del turismo se encuentra bien desarrollado y sigue innovando constantemente, hasta el día de hoy, el turista no siente apenas los inconvenientes que provoca el cambio climático, esto principalmente se debe al hecho de la diversidad de los tipos de turismo dentro de la oferta y la existencia de los recursos y las infraestructuras que facilitan la estancia del visitante y la hace más placentera, así como el hecho de que hasta la actualidad el mayor porcentaje de los visitantes son los propios nacionales, los que suavizan bastante los fenómenos de la estacionalidad, entre otros. De todas formas, el cambio climático sigue evolucionando y si no se toman las medidas necesarias a nivel mundial, en las próximas décadas nos vamos a quedar cortos de formas dе 2 diversificar las actividades económicas para combatir el fenómeno y de vivir comódamente en las condiciones así. Rosemberg Shakti École Normale Supérieure, France GOOGLE X AND THE SCIENCE OF RADICAL CREATIVITY A snake-robot designer, a balloon scientist, a liquid-crystals technologist, an extradimensional physicist, a psychology geek, an electronic-materials wrangler, and a journalist walk into a room. The journalist turns to the assembled crowd and asks: Should we build houses on the ocean? The setting is X, the so-called moonshot factory at Alphabet, the parent company of Google. And the scene is not the beginning of some elaborate joke. The people in this room have a particular talent: They dream up far-out answers to crucial problems. The dearth of housing in crowded and productive coastal cities is a crucial problem. Oceanic residences are, well, far-out. At the group’s invitation, I was proposing my own moonshot idea, despite deep fear that the group would mock it. Like a think-tank panel with the instincts of an improve troupe, the group sprang into an interrogative frenzy. “What are the specific economic benefits of increasing housing supply?” the liquid-crystals guy asked. “Isn’t the real problem that transportation infrastructure is so expensive?” the balloon scientist said. “How sure are we that living in densely built cities makes us happier?” the extradimensional physicist wondered. Over the course of an hour, the conversation turned to the ergonomics of Tokyo’s high-speed trains and then to Americans’ cultural preference for suburbs. Members of the team discussed commonsense solutions to urban density, such as more money for transit, and eccentric ideas, such as acoustic technology to make apartments soundproof and self-driving housing units that could park on top of one another in a city center. At one point, teleportation enjoyed a brief hearing. X is perhaps the only enterprise on the planet where regular investigation into the absurd is not just permitted but encouraged, and even required. X has quietly looked into space elevators and cold fusion. It has tried, and abandoned, projects to design hoverboards with magnetic levitation and to make affordable fuel from seawater. It has tried—and succeeded, in varying measures—to build self-driving cars, make drones that deliver aerodynamic packages, and design contact lenses that measure glucose levels in a diabetic person’s tears. These ideas might sound too random to contain a unifying principle. But they do. Each X idea adheres to a simple three-part formula. First, it must address a huge problem; second, it must propose a radical solution; third, it must employ a relatively feasible technology. In other words, any idea can be a moonshot—unless it’s frivolous, small-bore, or impossible. X has a dual mandate to solve huge problems and to build the next Google, two goals that Teller considers closely aligned. And yet Facebook grew to rival Google, as a platform for advertising and in financial value, by first achieving a quotidian goal. It was not a moonshot but rather the opposite—a small step, followed by another step, and another. Insisting on quick products and profits is the modern attitude of innovation that X continues to quietly resist. For better and worse, it is imbued with an appreciation for the long gestation period of new technology. Shao Jie Nanjing University, China SCIENTISTS BLASTED MIRRORS WITH LASERS TO LISTEN TO LIGHT Scientists have known for a while that light has momentum and exerts force on whatever it hits. But because this momentum is so small, experiments haven't been able to observe exactly how it affects matter. 3 In search of answers, an international group of researchers turned to mirrors in a new study. "The mirror always tells the truth," Tomaž Požar, the lead author of the study and assistant professor in the department of mechanical engineering at the University of Ljubljana in Slovenia wrote in the playful analogy referencing "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" that he created and sent to Live Science. Though Požar and his team didn't have a conversation with the mirror, they did listen intently to how it reacted when it was hit with a beam of light. They attached acoustic sensors, which work similarly to a medical ultrasound, to a mirror fitted with a heat shield. (Heating can create elastic waves that would hamper the signal they were trying to study: the elastic waves created by momentum.) Then, the researchers shot laser beams into the mirror and used the acoustic sensors to listen to the waves created as light hit the surface. "It's like a hammer smash made by light," Požar told Live Science. These tiny waves caused "sounds," or tiny movements among the atoms of the mirror. The smallest displacement they found was about 40 femtometers, which is about four times the size of the core of an atom, Požar said. Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell was the first to propose, in 1873, that light carries momentum in its electromagnetic fields. His equations along with a few others form the basis of electromagnetism. "Everybody agrees with Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism" and the laws that say momentum and energy are conserved, Požar said.

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