Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2004 Effects of practice strategies, metronome use, meter, hand, and musical function on dual-staved piano performance accuracy and practice time usage of undergraduate Melody A. Hanberry Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Music Commons Recommended Citation Hanberry, Melody A., "Effects of practice strategies, metronome use, meter, hand, and musical function on dual-staved piano performance accuracy and practice time usage of undergraduate" (2004). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1187. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1187 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. EFFECTS OF PRACTICE STRATEGIES, METRONOME USE, METER, HAND, AND MUSICAL FUNCTION ON DUAL-STAVED PIANO PERFORMANCE ACCURACY AND PRACTICE TIME USAGE OF UNDERGRADUATE NON-KEYBOARD MUSIC MAJORS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The School of Music by Melody A. Hanberry B.M., William Carey College, 1998 M.M., Louisiana State University, 2000 May 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To the many wonderful people who have contributed to the completion of this dissertation, thank you. For the encouragement, support, help, professional opinions, and availability of those who served as members of my committee, both past and present, you are regarded with utmost appreciation and respect. To my dear family members, cherished friends, and special mentors whose lives have touched mine, thank you. For the examples you are, the friendships we share, and the prayers you have whispered for me I am forever grateful. To my beloved parents and precious sister, I could not have accomplished this project without you. Thank you for your love, your support, and for continuing to believe in me and encourage me through times when the end seemed so far away. To every person who influenced the pursuit and attainment of this degree, I offer my sincerest gratitude. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................ ii LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE.............................................................................................1 Introduction....................................................................................................1 Review of Literature ......................................................................................4 Performance ...............................................................................................8 Practicing .................................................................................................19 2 METHOD ........................................................................................................38 Subjects and Setting.....................................................................................38 Independent Variables .................................................................................40 Practice Strategies...................................................................................40 Metronome..............................................................................................47 Meter.......................................................................................................47 Hand and Musical Function....................................................................48 Procedures....................................................................................................49 Pretest and Posttest ......................................................................................49 Dependent Measures and Instrumentation...................................................56 3 RESULTS ........................................................................................................62 Performance.................................................................................................62 Practicing.....................................................................................................78 4 DISCUSSION..................................................................................................90 Performance ...............................................................................................91 Practicing .................................................................................................106 Summary..................................................................................................116 Recommendations for Future Research...................................................117 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................119 APPENDIX A IRB EXEMPTION FORM AND CONSENT FORM...................................132 iii B DAILY LESSON PLANS FOR TREATMENT AND CONTROL GROUPS...........................................140 C QUIZZES FOR TREATMENT AND CONTROL GROUPS.......................176 D DESCRIPTIONS OF DAILY PRACTICE PIECES .....................................178 E PUBLISHER PERMISSION LETTERS.......................................................179 F SUBJECT INFORMATION FORM .............................................................181 G VIDEOTAPING CHECKLISTS ...................................................................182 H FINALE™-RENDERED AND INVESTIGATOR REPRODUCED SCORE...........................................184 I SUBJECT SCORING SHEETS ....................................................................186 J SUBJECT SCORE ANALYSIS PROCEDURES.........................................225 VITA................................................................................................................................228 iv LIST OF TABLES 1. Treatment Calendar...................................................................................................43 2. Organization of Treatment Group.............................................................................56 3. Organization of Control Group.................................................................................56 4. ANOVA Table for Pitch ...........................................................................................64 5. Pitch Means for Group by Metronome Interaction...................................................65 6. Hand by Function ANOVA Table for Pitch .............................................................67 7. ANOVA Table for Rhythm ......................................................................................68 8. Rhythm Means for Test by Meter by Group Interaction ..........................................70 9. Hand by Function ANOVA Table for Rhythm.........................................................72 10. ANOVA Table for Beat............................................................................................73 11. Beat Means for Meter by Metronome Interaction ....................................................74 12. Beat Means for Metronome by Group Interaction....................................................76 13. Average Tempos of Pretest and Posttest Performance Selections and Tempo Gains Scores ........................................................................................77 14. Lowest and Highest Pretest and Posttest Performance Tempos ...............................78 15. Practice Session Percentages of Time by Hand........................................................81 16. Practice Session Percentages of Time by Function ..................................................82 17. Self-Reported Practice Strategies Listed and Used by Subjects...............................84 18. Percentages of Subjects Using Specific Score Analysis Procedures........................85 19. Percentages of Subjects Who Noticed Key Signatures.............................................87 20. Percentages of Hand and Function Practiced First by Piece and Group...................88 21. Average Percentage of Practice Time Spent Using the Metronome.........................89 22. Self-Reported Percentage of Practice Time Spent Using the Metronome................89 v LIST OF FIGURES 1. Pretest and Posttest Performance Selection with a Meter of 2, Melody for Left Hand.......................................................................................51 2. Pretest and Posttest Performance Selection with a Meter of 2, Melody for Right Hand ....................................................................................52 3. Pretest and Posttest Performance Selection with a Meter of 3, Dance for Right Hand......................................................................................53