Title “Wasn't even on my radar”: Increasing Parental Mediation of Influencer Marketing Behaviors in 35 Minutes with a Brief Theory of Planned Behavior informed Online Randomized Controlled Intervention Author Paul Rohde Affiliation Department of Media and Communication, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton St, Holborn, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom Keywords Young Consumer Marketing, Parental Mediation, Marketing Literacy, Influencer Marketing, Persuasion Knowledge, Theory of Planned Behavior, Behavioral Change Techniques, Mechanisms of Action Data https://osf.io/3xkhn/files/ Paul Rohde, 2020 – TPB-informed RCT on Parental Mediation of Influencer Marketing Abstract Online marketing to humans in their childhood, adolescent and early adulthood is an increasingly important research topic because it can on a larger scale than previously possible with traditional marketing lead to undesirable outcomes (e.g., obesity) and target more ethical grey zones between questionable, unfair and deceptive marketing to achieve its goals (Buijzen & Valkenburg, 2005; De Pauw et al., 2019). The largest recent research trend and solution to address the problems related to online young consumer marketing was the establishment of online marketing disclosure policies (De Veirman et al., 2019; FTC, 2017; Gürkaynak et al., 2018; Riefa & Clausen, 2019). Disclosures have their merits, but also shortcomings. In particular, increased process fairness (i.e., awareness of the selling intent) appears not to be enough to diminish undesirable outcomes because young consumers also need the knowledge and the skills to counter the undesirable effects resulting from marketing exposures (De Pauw et al., 2019; Isaac & Grayson, 2019; Jung & Heo, 2019; Youn & Shin, 2019). In intervention research targeting the increase of knowledge and skills of children, the largest yet comparatively small trend are school-based interventions (De Jans et al., 2019; Nelson, 2016; O’Rourke et al., 2019; Truman & Elliott, 2019). However, school-based interventions have a few vital shortcomings. First, school-based marketing literacy interventions are costly to scale. Second, they create further competition for scare school-based financial, human and attention resources. Lastly, they might not be frequent or context-specific enough to produce a lasting change in marketing-related knowledge and skills. In contrast, parent-targeted interventions that increase the parental intentions to engage in behaviors that increase marketing-related knowledge and the skills of children before middle adulthood do not have these shortcomings and, as a result, can be considerably more important for researchers and policymakers (De Pauw et al., 2019; Isaac & Grayson, 2019; Jung & Heo, 2019; Youn & Shin, 2019). Compared to school-based interventions, parents have more opportunities and time to influence the media diet directly and educate them with higher frequency and higher context-specificity by daily discussing the marketing their children actually engage with (Chen & Shi, 2019; Lin et al., 2019; Nelson et al., 2017). As a result, the research on interventions for parental mediation of new forms of marketing is highly important. Paul Rohde, 2020 – TPB-informed RCT on Parental Mediation of Influencer Marketing In particular, social media influencer content and embedded marketing might have a large effect (Folkvord et al., 2019). Consequently, the research purpose was to advance the knowledge of interventions that target parental intentions to engage in marketing-literacy- relevant behaviors. To this end, the study combined a conceptual and theoretical framework based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and broader intervention science concepts, in particular behavioral change techniques (BCTs) and mechanisms of actions (MoA), and an advanced experimental design. More specifically, 21 theory-informed hypotheses were tested in a randomized controlled online experiment composed of six interventions and one control condition with a sample of 196 (pre-intervention and immediately post-intervention) and 166 participants (one-month post-intervention). Numerous contributions are made. First, relatively brief (35 minutes) TBP-based online interventions can have a significant effect on parental intentions to engage in the discussion of influencer marketing and on self-reported one-month post-intervention behaviors. Second, the combined framework consistent of the four TPB-based constructs (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and intentions), MoA and BCTs was highly valuable to inform an intervention design that produces effects of practical and theoretical importance. Third, the parsimonious TPB-based model (i.e., consistent of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and intentions) is also appropriate for the context of parental mediation of influencer marketing because the three-based constructs (i.e., attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control) could significantly explain the majority of parental intentions (74%), and parental intentions alone significantly predicted a moderate amount variance in the future behaviors (39%). Fourth, parental attitudes were the base-construct most susceptible to change and considerably predicted intentions. Therefore, research efforts should focus on the study of parental attitudes and practical efforts should focus on targeting parental attitudes until marketing and influencer marketing become mainstream topics in the parental discourse. Lastly, despite the high intentions in the attitude only condition, the condition had no significant impact on future behaviors. Even though the attitude and three-construct condition shared an identical intention level, the three-construct intervention had a marginally non-significant (.06) effect on future behaviors. The four-construct had a significant effect on future behaviors. As a result, time spent (10 minutes vs. 33 and 35 minutes) and associated elaboration might be an important moderator of future behavior. Rohde, 2020 – TPB-informed RCT on Parental Mediation of Influencer Marketing 1 Introduction "The world of marketing and advertising is rapidly changing with the increased use of technology and other new forms of marketing communications" (Skiba et al., 2019, p. 1) Experts found that consumers are exposed to thousands of explicit and disguised marketing communications in many different formats daily (Martin & Smith, 2008; Petty & Andrews, 2008). In particular, young consumers1 have been an important target for marketers because of their impact on their parents' buying decisions and their role as future adult consumers (Calvert, 2008). As a result, young consumer marketing is a highly important research topic because it provides a lens into the development of important micro-level relationships (i.e., children, parents, policymakers, corporations, and social media influencers) and macro-level relationships (i.e., between society, technology, culture, politics, and economy). In the present context, the most relevant development is the shift in media consumption of young consumers from traditional media to online media and the associated shift to online young consumer marketing which increased the severity of preexisting concern and problems related to young consumer marketing (De Veirman et al., 2019; FTC, 2017; Gürkaynak et al., 2018; Riefa & Clausen, 2019; Twenge et al., 2019). In recent years, an "average 12th grader in 2016 spending more than twice as much time online as in 2006" (Twenge et al., 2019, p. 329). In the United States, 8- to 18-year-olds are spending an average of roughly 6 hours per day on screen media for non-school purposes, while preteens spent an average of close to 5 hours per day in 2015 (Rideout, 2016). 45% of the United States teenagers report being "almost constantly" online (Pew Research Centre, 2018). In the United Kingdom, 99% of the 12- to 15-year-olds are online for an average of 20.5 hours a week (Ofcom, 2019). Online young consumer marketing can on a larger scale than previously lead to undesirable outcomes (e.g., obesity) and target more ethical grey zones between questionable, unfair and deceptive marketing practices to achieve its goals (Buijzen & Valkenburg, 2005; De Jans et al., 2017; De Pauw et al., 2019). Young consumers are more frequently exposed to disguised marketing communications, which scholars gave different labels from native advertising, 1 In this study, young consumer refers to humans from early childhood (age 6) to early adulthood (age 25) 1 Rohde, 2020 – TPB-informed RCT on Parental Mediation of Influencer Marketing content marketing, stealth marketing, sponsorship, branded content, product placement, and covert marketing (Wojdynski & Evans, 2019). Covert marketing is not a new phenomenon as it has been around for decades (Cameron et al., 1996; Erjavec, 2004). However, in this decade, marketing budgets have considerably shifted to covert marketing communication that resembles content that users want to consume (Einstein, 2016; Wojdynski & Evans, 2019). With the rise of the internet and different online content formats, new formats of covert online marketing were invented that mirror and/or integrate marketing into the surrounding non-commercial content subtlety, such as sponsored reviews (Kim et al., 2019), sponsored news content (Amazeen & Wojdynski, 2019), sponsored social media posts (Boerman et al., 2017), sponsored blog posts (Hwang & Jeong, 2016), branded entertainment content (Choi et al.,