International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES OR: ENG TRIAL CHAMBER II Before: Judge Asoka de Silva, Presiding Judge Taghrid Hikmet Judge Seon Ki Park Registrar: Mr. Adama Dieng Date: 27 February 2009 THE PROSECUTOR v. Emmanuel RUKUNDO Case No. ICTR-2001-70-T JUDGEMENT Office of the Prosecutor: William T. Egbe Sulaiman Khan Veronic Wright Patrick Gabaake Thembile Segoete Amina Ibrahim Counsel for the Defence: Aïcha Condé Alison Turner CONTENTS I. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 A. THE TRIBUNAL AND ITS JURISDICTION ............................................................................ 1 B. THE ACCUSED .......................................................................................................................... 1 C. INDICTMENT ............................................................................................................................ 2 D. SUMMARY OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY ............................................................................. 2 E. OVERVIEW OF THE CASE ....................................................................................................... 2 II. CHAPTER II: PRELIMINARY ISSUES ................................................................................... 4 A. ISSUES RELATING TO THE INDICTMENT .......................................................................... 4 1. Facts not Pleaded in the Indictment ......................................................................................... 4 2. The Pleading of Joint Criminal Enterprise ............................................................................... 6 (a) Notice ....................................................................................................................................... 6 (b) The Indictment ......................................................................................................................... 7 (c) Has the Defect in the Indictment Been Cured? ........................................................................ 8 (i) The Pre-Trial Brief ................................................................................................................ 8 (ii) Post-Indictment Disclosures ................................................................................................ 9 (iii) Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 10 B. EVIDENTIARY MATTERS ..................................................................................................... 10 C. DECISION ON DEFENCE MOTION FOR ACQUITTAL ...................................................... 11 D. JUDICIAL NOTICE ................................................................................................................. 12 III. CHAPTER III: FACTUAL FINDINGS ................................................................................. 15 1. EVIDENCE RELATING TO PRE-1994 EVENTS .............................................................. 15 (a) Indictment ............................................................................................................................... 15 (b) Evidence and Deliberations ................................................................................................... 15 (i) Expulsion from the St. Léon Minor Seminary in 1973 ....................................................... 15 (ii) Ngarukiragihugu (Salvation Committee), Solidarity March, Fund-Raising and Alleged Change of Attitude ............................................................................................................ 15 2. ALLEGATION OF MOBILIZATION OF HUTU AGAINST TUTSI IN FEBRUARY 1994 ..................................................................................................................................... 18 3. EVENTS AT THE IMPRIMERIE DE KABGAYI ROADBLOCK........................................ 19 (a) Indictment ............................................................................................................................... 19 (b) Evidence ................................................................................................................................. 19 (c) Deliberations .......................................................................................................................... 26 4. EVENTS AT ST. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE ............................................................................. 30 (a) Indictment ............................................................................................................................... 30 (b) Evidence ................................................................................................................................. 30 (c) Deliberations .......................................................................................................................... 41 (d) Findings .................................................................................................................................. 50 5. EVENTS AT THE NYABIKENKE COMMUNAL OFFICE .............................................. 53 (a) Indictment ............................................................................................................................... 53 (b) Evidence ................................................................................................................................. 53 (c) Deliberations .......................................................................................................................... 64 6. EVENTS AT THE KABGAYI BISHOPRIC ........................................................................ 67 (a) Indictment ............................................................................................................................... 67 (b) Evidence ................................................................................................................................. 67 (c) Deliberations .......................................................................................................................... 73 7. EVENTS RELATING TO THE ST. LÉON MINOR SEMINARY ..................................... 80 (a) Indictment ............................................................................................................................... 80 (b) Evidence ................................................................................................................................. 80 The Prosecutor v. Emmanuel Rukundo, Case No. ICTR-2001-70-T i (c) Deliberations .......................................................................................................................... 99 (i) Preliminary Issue: Pleadings in the Indictment .................................................................. 99 a. Paragraphs 12 and 13 are vague ...................................................................................... 99 b. Allegation of incitement to Hutu refugees not to collect water is not pleaded in the Indictment ..................................................................................................................... 99 (ii) Allegation: Beating of Refugees ...................................................................................... 100 (iii) Allegation: Abduction and Killing of Refugees ............................................................. 101 (iv) Allegation: Sexual Assault on a Young Tutsi Woman at the St. Léon Minor Seminary 110 a. Evidence ........................................................................................................................ 110 b. Deliberations ................................................................................................................. 113 i. Was the Act of a Sexual Nature? ............................................................................... 115 ii. Were there coercive circumstances? ......................................................................... 116 iii. Did Witness CCH suffer serious mental harm? ....................................................... 117 8. EVENTS AT THE CND ...................................................................................................... 119 (a) Indictment ............................................................................................................................. 119 (b) Evidence ............................................................................................................................... 119 (c) Deliberations ........................................................................................................................ 132 9. EVENTS AT THE KABGAYI MAJOR SEMINARY ....................................................... 137 (a) Indictment ............................................................................................................................. 137 (b) Evidence: Causing Serious Mental Harm to Tutsi Priests at the Kabgayi Major Seminary 137 (c) Deliberations ........................................................................................................................ 145 (d) Evidence: Abduction and Killing of Tutsi Clergy from the Kabgayi Major Seminary ....... 148 (e) Deliberations on the Abduction and Killing of Tutsi Clergy ............................................... 163 (i) Preliminary Issue: