CAKE AND COCKHORSE c ((rfieN BANBURY HISTORICAL SOCIETY Autumn/Winter 2008 £2.50 Volume 17 Number 7 ISSN 6522-0823 BANBURY HISTORICAL SOCIETY Registered Charity No. 269581 Website: www.cherwell-dc.gov.uk/banburymuseum/banburyhistoricalsoc.cfin President The Lord Saye and Sele Chairman Dr Helen Forde, Lovells, The Square, Kings Sutton, Banbury OX17 3RE (tel. 01295 811247; email: <[email protected]>) Cake and Cockhorse Editorial Committee Editor: Jeremy Gibson, Harts Cottage, Church Hanborough, Witney, Oxon. OX29 8AB (tel. 01993 882982; email: <[email protected]>) Assistant editors: Deborah Hayter (commissioning), Beryl Hudson (proofs) Hon. Secretary: Hon. Treasurer: Simon Townsend, G.F. Griffiths, Banbury Museum, 39 Waller Drive, Spiceball Park Road, Banbury, Banbury OX16 2PQ Oxon. OX16 9NS; (tel. 01295 672626; email: (tel. 01295 263944; email: <[email protected]>) <[email protected]>). Publicity: Hon. Research Adviser: Deborah Hayter, Brian Little, Walnut House, 12 Longfellow Road, Charlton, Banbury, Banbury OX17 3DR Oxon. OX16 9LB; (tel. 01295 811176; email: (tel. 01295 264972). <[email protected]>) Committee Members Dennis Basten, Colin Cohen, Chris Day, Deborah Hayter, Beryl Hudson, Fiona Thompson. Consultant: Martin Allitt. Membership Secretary Mrs Margaret Little, do Banbury Museum, Spiceball Park Road, Banbury, Oxon. OX16 2PQ (email: <[email protected]>). Details of the Society's activities and publications will be found on the back cover. © 2008 Banbury Historical Society on behalf of its contributors. Cake and Cockhorse The magazine of the Banbury Historical Society, issued three times a year. Volume 17 Autumn/Winter 2008 Number Seven Barrie Trinder Sent to Coventry: Migration of Plush Weavers ... 218 Peter Christopher The Miracle of Saint Freomund ... 239 Brian Little Lecture Reports ... 249 Book Reviews Geoffrey Smedley-Stevenson The Diocese Books of Samuel Wilberforce 251 Helen Forde Children of Dissent ... 252 Banbury Historical Society proposes to award a prize of £100 for the best piece of local historical research submitted by 30 April 2009 with the further possibility of publishing results in a future issue of Cake and Cockhorse. The competition is open to all and the result will be announced at the Annual General Meeting of the Society later in 2009. We would like to receive entries from local history societies in the area, and also from individual historians. Such work could be the transcribing of probate documents, research into old houses, the recording of gravestones and memorials in and around a parish church, the history of a village school, the creation of a photographic archive, or any other of the many topics which local historians, in societies, groups and singly, are investigating. Some of this work may not be suitable for full publication in such a journal as Cake & Cockhorse, but could be written up as a report and recorded as such. If on a large scale, it could be published in full as a records volume in the BHS series. Entrants are requested to submit two copies of the details of their current or completed research to the Honorary Secretary by 30 April 2009. Completed work should be submitted in its entirety. If it is in the form of current research a sample of the text should be submitted, together with the likely date of completion and the anticipated final format of the work — e.g. as an article, as a submission to a degree awarding body or as a book. The panel of judges, formed from the committee of the Banbury Historical Society, reserves the right to decide the final format for publication. For further information, or to discuss possibilities, please contact Helen Forde or Deborah Hayter (addresses, phone numbers and email opposite). Cover: St Freomund as depicted in Burton Dassett Church. 217 SENT TO COVENTRY: The Great Migration of Banbury Plush Weavers Barrie Trinder Patterns of migration during the Industrial Revolution were complex. Movements of skilled workers were vital to economic development and census returns show colliery managers (or viewers) from Northumberland and Co. Durham settling in other coalfields, Cornishmen making their homes wherever there were non-ferrous ores to be extracted, and pattern makers, iron moulders, turners and fitters from Lancashire, Yorkshire, Shropshire and the Black Country working at foundries in market towns throughout England. Skilled pottery workers moved to and fro between North Staffordshire and other centres of the trade, and puddlers and iron rollers between the Black Country and Shropshire. There were also movements of less skilled people, principally of the young, into the industrial towns that were growing in the second half of the nineteenth century, taking up shoemaking in Kettering or hosiery manufacture in Leicester. Such movements of industrial workers overlay older patterns of short-distance migration, of apprentices in retailing and such urban crafts as tailoring, normally recruited by masters in towns no more than 50 miles away, and of female household servants, who normally found places within the circuit of their local carrier's cart. It has long been part of the received wisdom of Banbury's history that some of the town's plush weavers migrated to Coventry.' This article attempts to quantify that movement. The census returns for 1861 have been examined for the whole of the county of Coventry, including the parishes of Bedworth, Exhall, Foleshill and Stoke. The plush weavers and skilled ancillary workers in the trade born in the Banbury region have been identified (see Table One, page 230). The results show that the received wisdom is well-grounded, that many plush workers and their families did indeed move to Warwickshire in the 1840s and '50s, and that by 1861 they dominated the industry. More than a hundred plush weavers and dyers with birthplaces in Banburyshire have been identified in the Coventry area in 1861, IV. Hodgkins & C. Bloxham, Banbury and Shutford Plush (Banbury: Banbury Historical Society, 1980), p.8. 218 representing a population movement far beyond the normal interchange of migrants between towns less than 30 miles apart. Banbury in 1851 had a population of less than nine thousand but was the dominant market centre within north Oxfordshire and the southern parts of Warwickshire and Northamptonshire. It was primarily a commercial town where most people gained their livings from retailing, services and small-scale craft manufactures. The only substantial industries serving distant markets were textiles, principally the making of plush, and engineering, but the two together gave employment to fewer than 300 people, about seven per cent of the working population. One reason for Banbury's prosperity was that the nearest towns of com- parable or greater size, Oxford, Northampton, Stratford, Warwick and Coventry were all situated at a distance of between 20 and 30 miles.2 Coventry differed from Banbury in many respects other than its size. While much of Banbury was razed to the ground in the Civil War, and few of its buildings date from earlier than 1650, Coventry remained a largely medieval city. J.B. Priestley observed in 1933 that it was a town that had often changed its trades but had always managed to come out on top, and nevertheless remained genuinely old and picturesque. He remarked, with what proved to be black irony, that its half-timbered and gabled houses, its soaring stone and carved wood, were a suitable setting for a production of Die Meistersinger. 3That city was destroyed by the Luftwaffe on the night of 14-15 November 1940. Some of the plush weavers from Banburyshire settled in the close- packed courts that had been built on the gardens and yards of ancient houses in the city centre that, by 1861, had been duly numbered by the Local Board of Health, established in 1849. Coventry's growth in the early nineteenth century had been constrained by common land, and many of its new houses had been built on enclosed properties beyond the common fields in areas like Hillfields, where villas built from 1828 were soon surrounded by workshops and terraced housing, and in Foleshill, Stoke and Radford, two or three miles from the centre. The population of Foleshill grew from just over 3,000 in 1801 to more than 8,000 in 1861.4 Many migrant Banburians made their homes in these outer suburbs. 2 B. Trinder, Victorian Banbury (Chichester: Phillimore, 1982), pp. 16-37, 202. 3 J.B. Priestley, English Journey (London: Heinemann, 1934), pp. 69-70. 4 J. Prest, The Industrial Revolution in Coventry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960), pp. 19-42; R. Chaplin, 'Discovering Lost New Towns of the Nineteenth Century', The Local Historian, X (1972), pp. 189-90. 219 Coventry's influence extended past Exhall and Bedworth to Nuneaton eight miles to the north through a coalfield whose character was memorably captured by George Eliot: `In these midland districts the traveller passed rapidly from one phase of English life to another: after looking down on a village dingy with coal- dust, noisy with the shaking of looms, he might skirt a parish all of fields, high hedges, and deep-rutted lanes; after the coach had rattled over the pavement of a manufacturing town, the scene of riots and trades-union meetings, it would take him in another ten minutes into a rural region, where the neighbourhood of the town was only felt in the advantages of a near market for corn, cheese, and hay ... The busy scenes of the shuttle and the wheel, of the roaring furnace, of the shaft and the pulley, seemed to make but crowded nests in the midst of the large-spaced, slow-moving life of homesteads and far-away cottages and oak-sheltered parks. Looking at the dwellings scattered amongst the woody flats and the ploughed uplands, under the low grey sky which overhung them with an unchanging stillness as if Time itself were pausing, it was easy for the traveller to conceive that town and country had no pulse in common, except where the handlooms made a far- reaching straggling fringe about the great centres of manufacture' .