Cicero Illustratus: John Toland and Ciceronian Scholarship in the Early Enlightenment KATHERINE EAST Thesis submitted to the Department of Classics, Royal Holloway, University of London, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Declaration of Authorship I, Katherine East, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: Date: ABSTRACT In 1712 the radical intellectual John Toland wrote a treatise entitled Cicero Illustratus, which proposed a new edition of Cicero’s complete works. In this text Toland justified and described his plans; as a result such varied issues as the Ciceronian tradition in eighteenth century culture, the nature of scholarship in this period, and the value of Ciceronian scholarship to Toland’s intellectual efforts were encompassed. In spite of the evident potential of Cicero Illustratus to provide a new perspective on these issues, it has been largely neglected by modern scholarship. This thesis rectifies that omission by establishing precisely what Toland hoped to achieve with Cicero Illustratus, and the significance of his engagement with Ciceronian scholarship. The first section of the thesis addresses Cicero Illustratus itself, discovering Toland’s aims by evaluating his proposals against both the existing Ciceronian editorial tradition and his immediate scholarly context. This reveals that Toland used his engagement with scholarship to simultaneously construct authority for his professed rehabilitation of the real Cicero, and for himself as an interpreter of this ‘real’ Cicero. The second section of this thesis demonstrates the broader purpose of this exploitation of erudition; it allowed Toland to construct Cicero as a vital weapon in his radical discourse on politics and religion. The active role of the Ciceronian tradition in the formation of Toland’s radical thought thereby demonstrated, this thesis contributes to the intellectual history of this period. It will both support narratives in modern scholarship which emphasise the on-going influence of humanist scholarship on modern thought, and challenge readings of the early Enlightenment which emphasise its rejection of tradition by demonstrating the importance of the classical tradition to the work of one of its foremost thinkers. For my Parents CONTENTS Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. i Abbreviations...................................................................................................................... ii List of Primary Works Cited ........................................................................................... iv The Complete Editions of Cicero, 1498-1724 ................................................................. xxi Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Section One: Editing Cicero ............................................................................................. 40 Introduction to Section One ........................................................................................... 41 Chapter One: Presenting the Author .............................................................................. 52 Chapter Two: Establishing the Text ............................................................................. 101 Chapter Three: Understanding the Text ....................................................................... 155 Conclusion to Section One .......................................................................................... 204 Section Two: Tolandian Ciceronianism .......................................................................... 209 Introduction to Section Two ........................................................................................ 210 Chapter Four: Ciceronianism and Republican Discourse .............................................. 217 Chapter Five: Ciceronianism and Priestcraft ................................................................ 268 Conclusion to Section Two .......................................................................................... 320 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 322 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 325 Appendix: Translation of Cicero Illustratus.................................................................... 366 Acknowledgements The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the immensely valuable support of my supervisors, Professor Jonathan Powell and Professor Justin Champion. Jonathan Powell’s guidance during the translation of Cicero Illustratus was vital to the project, while his careful supervision and attentive consideration of my work has repeatedly earned my deep gratitude. I would also like to thank him and his family for showing me a great deal of kindness during my time at Royal Holloway. Justin Champion’s supervision has been similarly invaluable, consistently directing my research to exciting new questions and easing my introduction to a fascinating area of study, one which I will continue to pursue, stimulated by his enthusiasm. I would particularly like to thank him for the fact that no matter how discouraged I might be, I always left his supervisions with a renewed excitement and passion for my research. I have been extremely fortunate with both of my supervisors, and shall remain very grateful to them. I would like to express my thanks to the Arts and Humanities Research Council for the financial support provided by their doctoral award, together with the Department of Classics at Royal Holloway, both for granting me that award and for its on-going assistance across the period of my research. Finally, the greatest debt I owe is to my family, without whom this truly would not have been accomplished. To my mother, for always believing in me and driving me on; to my father, for all the many immeasurable ways in which he has supported me; and to my sister, for keeping me laughing throughout it all. i Abbreviations BL The British Library Works by John Toland CI Cicero Illustratus Collection A collection of several pieces of Mr. John Toland, now first publish'd from his original manuscripts: with some memoirs of his life and writings Works by Cicero Ac. Academica Ad Att. Epistulae ad Atticum Ad Fam. Epistulae ad Familiares Ad QFr. Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem Arch. Pro Archia Brut. Brutus Clu. Pro Cluentio De Orat. De Oratore Div. De Divinatione DND De Natura Deorum Dom. De Domo Sua Fin. De Finibus Flac. Pro Flacco Font. Pro Fonteio Har. De Haruspicum Responsis Inv. De Inventione Leg. De Legibus ii Man. Pro Lege Manilia Marc. Pro Marcello Mur. Pro Murena Off. De Officiis Parad. Paradoxa Stoicorum Part. Partitiones Oratoriae Phil. Philippica Pis. In Pisonem Planc. Pro Plancio Prov. De Provinciis Consularibus Rab.Perd. Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Rep. De Republica Rhet.Her. Rhetorica ad Herennium Sest. Pro Sestio Tusc. Tusculanae Disputationes Vat. In Vatinium Verr. In Verrem Notes The names of editors of Cicero will be in their Latinised form, unless otherwise indicated. iii List of Primary Works Cited Aristotle, The Politics, ed. H. Rackham, London: Heinemann, 1932. Arnobius, The seven books of Arnobius adversus gentes, ed. H. Bryce and H. Campbell, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1871. Augustine, City of God, books I-III, ed. G. E. McCracken, London: Heinemann, 1957. The City of God against the Pagans, ed. R. W. Dyson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Bayle, P., The dictionary historical and critical of Mr. Peter Bayle, London, 1734- 1738. Bentley, R., Remarks Upon a late Discourse of Free-Thinking: in a Letter to F. H. D. D. by Phileleutherus Lipsiensis, London, 1713. ed., Q. Horatius Flaccus, ex recensione et cum notis atque emendationibus Richardi Bentleii, Cambridge, 1711. Blount, C., Anima Mundi: or, an Historical Narration of the Opinions of the Ancients, concerning Man's Soul After this Life: According to the unenlightened Nature, London, 1679. Bruni, L., Opere letterarie e politiche, ed. P. Viti, Torino: UTET, 1996. [Cicero, M. T.], Ad C. Herennium, de ratione dicendi, ed. H. Caplan, London: Heinemann, 1967. iv Cicero, M. T., Brutus; Orator, ed. G. L. Hendrickson and H. M. Hubbell, London: Heinemann, 1939. De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, ed. H. Rackham, London: Heinemann, 1914. De Inventione; De Optimo Genere Oratorum; Topica, ed. H. M. Hubbell, London: Heinemann, 1960. De Officiis, ed. W. Miller, London: Heinemann, 1913. De Oratore III; De Fato; Paradoxa Stoicorum; De Partitione Oratoria, ed. H. Rackham, London: Heinemann, 1960. De Oratore, books I-II, eds. E. W. Sutton and H. Rackham, London: Heinemann, 1959. De Senectute; De Amicitia; De Divinatione, ed. W. A. Falconer, London: Heinemann, 1923. In Catilinam I-IV; Pro Murena; Pro Sulla; Pro Flacco, ed. C. Macdonald, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976. Letters to Friends, ed. D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001. Letters to Quintus and Brutus; Letter fragments; Letter to Octavian; Invectives; Handbook of Electioneering, ed. D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002. v On the Nature of the Gods; Academics, ed. H. Rackham, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard