NOTES Introduction 1. Rasha Abdullah, Egypt’s Media in the Midst of the Revolution (Washington, D.C.: Car ne gie Endowment for International Peace, 2014). 2. An Xiao Mina, “Hashtag Memes: Breaking the Single Story through Humour,” Al Jazeera, March 2013, http:// www . aljazeera . com / indepth / opinion / 2013 / 03 / 2013326132026281740 . html. 3. Ian Hutchby, “Technologies, Texts and Affordances,” Sociology 35, no. 2 (2001): 441–56; and Sandra K. Evans, Katy E. Pearce, Jessica Vitak, and Jeffrey W. Treem, “Explicating Affordances: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Affordances in Communication Research,” Journal of Computer- Mediated Com- munication, December 2016. 4. Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Mar- kets and Freedom (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006). 5. Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univer- sity Press, 1960), 69; Medhi Shadmehr and Dan Bernhardt, “Collective Action with Uncertain Payoffs: Coordination, Public Signals, and Punishment Dilem- mas,” American Po litical Science Review 105, no. 4 (2011): 829–51. 6. David A. Snow, E. Burke Rochford, Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford, “Frame Alignment Pro cesses, Micromobilization, and Movement Participa- tion,” American So cio log i cal Review 51, no. 4 (1986): 464–81, doi:10.2307/2095581; David A. Snow and Robert D. Benford, “Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Par- ticipant Mobilization,” International Social Movement Research 1, no. 1 (1988): 197–217; Robert D. Benford and David A. Snow, “Framing Pro cesses and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment,” Annual Review of Sociology 26, no. 1 (2000): 611–39, doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611. 7. Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965); Pamela Oliver, Gerald 279 280 NOTES TO PAGES xxvi–10 Marwell, and Ruy Teixeira, “A Theory of the Critical Mass. I. Interdependence, Group Heterogeneity, and the Production of Collective Action,” American Jour- nal of Sociology 91, no. 3 (1985): 522–56. 8. Jennifer Earle, “Po liti cal Repression: Iron Fists, Velvet Gloves, and Diffuse Con- trol,” Annual Review of Sociology 37 (2011): 261–84. 9. An Xiao Mina, “#Hashtagging the Streets,” The Civic Beat, December 5, 2014, https:// medium . com / the - civic - beat / hashtagging - the - streets - 7fb8ca777076# . ru8632wdl. 10. Malcolm Gladwell, “Small Change,” New Yorker, October 4, 2010, http:// www . newyorker . com / magazine / 2010 / 10 / 04 / small - change - malcolm - gladwell. 11. Keith N. Hampton, Inyoung Shin, and Weixu Lu, “Social Media and Po liti cal Discussion: When Online Presence Silences Offline Conversation,” Informa- tion, Communication and Society 0, no. 0 (2016): 1–18. Chapter 1. A Networked Public 1. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1991). 2. Meltem Ahiska, “Occidentalism: The Historical Fantasy of the Modern,” South Atlantic Quarterly 102, nos. 2–3 (2003): 351–79. 3. Anderson, Imagined Communities. 4. Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1990). 5. Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989). 6. Gerard A. Hauser, “Vernacular Dialogue and the Rhetoricality of Public Opin- ion,” Communication Monographs 65, no. 2 (1998): 83–107, doi:10.1080/0363775 9809376439.86. 7. Nancy Fraser, Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy (Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin– Milwaukee, Center for Twentieth- Century Studies, 1990). 8. Habermas, Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. 9. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Chichester: Wiley- Blackwell, 2011). 10. Jim Dwyer, “When Official Truth Collides with Cheap Digital Technology,” New York Times, July 30, 2008, http:// www . nytimes . com / 2008 / 07 / 30 / nyregion / 30 about . html. 11. Walter J. Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London: Methuen, 1982). 12. Michael Rapport, Year of Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 2008). 13 . Fraser, Rethinking the Public Sphere. 14. Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith- Lovin, and James M. Cook, “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks,” Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 415–44. 15. Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self- Identity: Self and Society in the Late Mod- ern Age (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991); Ulrich Beck and Mark NOTES TO PAGES 11–17 281 Ritter, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (London: Sage Publications, 1992); Harrison Rainie and Barry Wellman, Networked: The New Social Operating Sys- tem (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2012). 16. Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Re- publican Conservatism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); Andreas Mades- tam, Daniel Shoag, Stan Veuger, and David Yanagizawa- Drott, “Do Po liti cal Protests Matter? Evidence from the Tea Party Movement,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 128, no. 4 (2013): 1633–85, doi:10.1093/qje/qjt021. 17. Madestam et al., “Do Po liti cal Protests Matter?” 18. Marc Lynch, Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, Al- Jazeera, and Middle East Poli- tics Today (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010). 19. Amnesty International, “Tunisia: Journalist Faces Imprisonment for Covering Gafsa Unrest,” February 2010, https:// www . amnesty . org / en / documents / mde30 / 006 / 2010 / en / . 20 . Eric Gobe, “The Gafsa Mining Basin between Riots and a Social Movement: Meaning and Significance of a Protest Movement in Ben Ali’s Tunisia” (work- ing paper, 2010), https:// halshs . archives - ouvertes . fr / halshs - 00557826. 21 . Jamai Al- Gasimi, “Ben Ali Rescues Facebook from Censorship,” Middle East Online, September 3, 2008, http:// www . middle - east - online . com / english / ? id = 27687. 22 . Evgeny Morozov, The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011); Evgeny Morozov, “From Slacktivism to Activism,” Foreign Policy, September 5, 2009, http:// foreignpolicy . com / 2009 / 09 / 05 / from - slacktivism - to - activism / . My criticism of The Net Delusion here is about the concept of slacktivism. There was much else about the book to recommend, though I found it too internet- centric in its analy sis of politics in the digital age. My full review can be found at Zeynep Tufekci, “Delusions Aside, the Net’s Potential Is Real,” Atlantic, January 12, 2011, http:// www . theatlantic . com / technology / archive / 2011 / 01 / delusions - aside - the - nets - potential - is - real / 69370 / . 23 . Doug McAdam and Ronnelle Paulsen, “Specifying the Relationship between Social Ties and Activism,” American Journal of Sociology 99, no. 3 (1993): 640– 67, doi:10.1086/230319. 24. Henry Farrell, “The Tech Intellectuals,” Democracy Journal 30 (2013), http:// democracyjournal . org / magazine / 30 / the - tech - intellectuals / . 25 . Tim Wu, “Book Review: ‘To Save Every thing, Click Here’ by Evgeny Morozov,” Washington Post, April 12, 2013, https:// www . washingtonpost . com / opinions / book - review - to - save - everything - click - here - by - evgeny - morozov / 2013 / 04 / 12 / 0e82400a - 9ac9 - 11e2 - 9a79 - eb5280c81c63 _ story . html ? utm _ term = . d0ab73ff3c64. 26 . For in- depth explorations of “real ity” in the digital age and online spaces, see pioneering work by Annette N. Markham, Life Online: Researching Real Expe- rience in Virtual Space, 1st ed. (Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press, 1998); An- nette Markham and Nancy K. Baym, eds., Internet Inquiry: Conversations about Method, 1st ed. (Los Angeles: Sage, 2008); N. K. Baym, “The Emergence of 282 NOTES TO PAGES 18–27 Community in Computer- Mediated Interaction,” in Cyber society: Computer- Mediated Communication and Community, ed. S. G. Jones (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1995), 138–63. For the term “digital dualism” see Nathan Jurgen- son, “When Atoms Meet Bits: Social Media, the Mobile Web and Augmented Revolution,” Future Internet 4, no. 1 (2012): 83–91, doi:10.3390/fi4010083. 27. Racha Mourtada and Fadi Salem, “Facebook Usage: Factors and Analy sis” (Arab Social Media Report, Dubai School of Government, 2011), http:// unpan1 . un . org / intradoc / groups / public / documents / dsg / unpan044212 . pdf. 28 . Marc Lynch, The Arab Uprising: The Unfinished Revolutions of the New Middle East (New York: Public Affairs, 2012). 29. Rasha A. Abdulla, “The Revolution Will Be Tweeted,” The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, Special Report on the Internet, 2011, p. 3, http:// www . aucegypt . edu / GAPP / CairoReview / Pages / articleDetails . aspx ? aid = 89. 30. Ethan Zuckerman, “Cute Cats to the Rescue? Participatory Media and Po liti cal Expression,” 2013, http:// ethanzuckerman . com / papers / cutecats2013 . pdf. 31 . Mike Isaac, “Facebook Said to Create Censorship Tool to Get Back into China,” New York Times, November 22, 2016, http:// www . nytimes . com / 2016 / 11 / 22 / technology / facebook - censorship - tool - china . html. 32 . Mark S. Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties,” American Journal of Sociol- ogy 78, no. 6 (1973): 1360–80. 33. Eytan Bakshy, Solomon Messing, and Lada A. Adamic, “Exposure to Ideologi- cally Diverse News and Opinion on Facebook,” Science 348, no. 6239 (2015): 1130, http:// science . sciencemag . org / content / 348 / 6239 / 1130. 34 . Michael Suk- Young Chwe, Rational Ritual: Culture, Coordination, and