UK Review of the provision of information about higher education: Advisory Study and Literature Review Report to the UK higher education funding bodies by CFE Research April 2014 Dr Abigail Diamond Professor Jennifer Roberts Dr Tim Vorley Dr Guy Birkin Dr James Evans Jonathan Sheen Tej Nathwani © HEFCE 2014 For more information about this report please contact: Abigail Diamond CFE Research Phoenix Yard Upper Brown Street Leicester LE1 5TE T: 0116 229 3300 W: www.cfe.org.uk E: [email protected] Established in 1997, CFE is an independent not- for-profit company specialising in the provision of research and evaluation services across the fields of education, employment and skills. CONTENTS Executive Summary ........................................................................................... 4 Research Background, Aims and Approach ......................................................................4 Key Findings ......................................................................................................................4 Principles for Information Provision in Higher Education ............................................... 7 Potential Areas for Future Research .................................................................................9 Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................. 11 1.0 Project Background ................................................................................................ 11 1.1 Aims and Objectives ............................................................................................... 12 1.2 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 12 1.2.1 Literature Search ............................................................................................ 12 1.2.2 Literature Selection and Categorisation ......................................................... 12 1.2.3 Literature Analysis .......................................................................................... 13 1.2.4 Literature Synthesis ........................................................................................ 14 1.3 Report Structure .................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 2: Understanding Information .......................................................... 15 2.0 Chapter 2 Summary ............................................................................................... 15 2.1 An Introduction to Information ............................................................................. 15 2.1.1 Conceptualising and Measuring Information ................................................. 16 2.1.2 The Limitations of Information Theory .......................................................... 17 2.2 Information and the Social Sciences ...................................................................... 17 2.2.1 Information Science ........................................................................................ 17 2.2.2 Information Behaviour ................................................................................... 18 2.3 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 19 Chapter 3: Understanding Information Behaviour ......................................... 21 3.0 Chapter 3 Summary ............................................................................................... 21 3.1 Fundamental Concepts in Behavioural Economics ............................................... 21 3.1.1 Bounded Rationality .......................................................................................22 3.1.2 Heuristics and Biases ......................................................................................23 3.1.3 Information Overload and the Paradox of Choice .......................................... 25 3.2 Other Principles in Behavioural Economics .......................................................... 27 3.2.1 The MINDSPACE Framework ........................................................................ 27 Advisory Study and Literature Review | Page 1 3.3 Applications of Behavioural Economics ............................................................... 29 3.3.1 Developing Reflexive Decision-Making ......................................................... 30 3.3.2 Improving Decision-Making in Higher Education .........................................32 3.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 33 Chapter 4: Social and Environmental Influences ........................................... 34 4.0 Chapter 4 Summary ...............................................................................................34 4.1 Social Theory of HE Information and Decision-Making .......................................34 4.1.1 Field, Habitus and Cultural Capital ................................................................ 35 4.1.2 Socioeconomic Background ............................................................................36 4.1.3 The Influence of Schools on the Transition to HE .......................................... 37 4.1.4 Key Influencers .............................................................................................. 38 4.2 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................39 Chapter 5: Sources and Presentation of Information ..................................... 40 5.0 Chapter 5 Summary .............................................................................................. 40 5.1 Sources of Information Used ................................................................................ 40 5.1.1 How People Deal with Different Sources of Information ............................... 41 5.2 The Role of ICT in Information Provision ............................................................ 44 5.2.1 User Interactions with Available Information ............................................... 44 5.2.2 The Use of ICT in Higher Education Choice ................................................... 47 5.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 48 Chapter 6: The Complexity of HE Decision-Making ....................................... 49 6.0 Chapter 6 Summary .............................................................................................. 49 6.1 How People Make Decisions ................................................................................. 49 6.1.1 The Implications for Higher Education Choice ............................................. 50 6.2 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 51 Chapter 7: Conclusions and Recommendations ..............................................53 7.0 Chapter 7 Summary ............................................................................................... 53 7.1 Conceptual Framework for Understanding Information Behaviour ..................... 53 7.2 What Does This Mean For Providers of Information About Higher Education? .. 54 7.2.1 The Limitations of Information-Processing and its Effect upon Decision-Making 55 7.2.2 Social and Psychological Factors Play a Central Role in Information Behaviour and Decision-Making ............................................................................................................. 55 Page 2 | Advisory Study and Literature Review 7.2.3 The Role of Higher Education Information Providers Should Be to Support Decision-Making and Empower People to Make Better Choices for Themselves .......... 56 7.2.4 Decision-Making Can Be a Very Personal Activity and Higher Education Information Providers Should Work toward Tailoring Information Provision to Individual Cases ......................................................................................................................... 56 7.2.5 Providers of Higher Education Information Should Be Mindful of the Complex and Dynamic Nature of Information Seeking ........................................................................ 56 7.3 Principles for Information Provision in Higher Education ................................... 57 7.4 Areas for Further Research ................................................................................... 60 7.4.1 What Are the Patterns of Information Behaviour in HE? ............................. 60 7.4.2 Is Data Visualization Effective for Presenting Information about HE? ......... 61 7.4.3 Does a Reflexive Approach to Decision-Making Work for Higher Education?62 7.4.4 What Opportunities Do Future Technologies Offer? ......................................63 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 64 Appendix 1: Literature Search Terms ................................................................ 72 Appendix 2: Literature Analysis ........................................................................ 75 Appendix 3: Data Visualisation as a Solution to Information Overload ............. 77 Appendix 4: List of Abbreviations .................................................................... 82 Advisory Study and Literature Review | Page 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Research Background, Aims