Department of Computer Science Technical University of Cluj-Napoca Logic-based Models of Argument Habilitation thesis Adrian Groza 1 Contents I Preliminaries 4 1 Advising and management activities 5 1.1 Teaching activities . .7 1.2 Research activities . .8 II Logic-based argumentation 12 2 Arguing in defeasible logic 13 2.1 Conflict resolution in ensemble learners . 13 2.2 Running scenario: crop classification . 14 2.3 Interleaving rule mining and agricultural knowledge . 18 2.4 Conflict resolution through argumentation . 26 2.5 Conclusions . 37 3 Arguing in description logics 39 3.1 Distinguishing argument from explanation . 39 3.2 Formalising argument and explanation . 42 3.3 The subjective views of the agents . 46 3.4 Dialogdynamics ............................ 51 3.5 Dialectical analysis of interleaved argument and explanation . 57 3.6 Speech acts in description logic . 66 3.7 Conclusions . 71 4 Arguing in fuzzy description logic 73 4.1 Interleaving fuzziness and knowledge . 73 4.2 Reasoning on fuzzy arguments . 74 4.3 Legal reasoning . 77 4.4 Conclusions . 81 2 5 Arguing in subjective logic 82 5.1 Social software for climate change . 82 5.2 Methods and tool . 84 5.3 Aggregation of arguments for an individual hypothesis . 87 5.4 Consolidation of opinions from related hypotheses . 88 5.5 Opinion aggregation and consolidation on the climate chance . 91 5.6 Argumentative-text characteristics . 95 5.7 Conclusions . 97 6 Arguing in justification logic 99 6.1 Distributed justification logic . 99 6.2 Argumentation framework . 103 6.3 Running scenario: arguing on debate sites . 108 6.4 Argumentative and Explanatory Logic . 110 6.5 Arguing based on subjective views . 114 6.6 Updating labels based on move adequacy . 119 6.7 Conclusions . 121 7 Arguing in hybrid logics 122 7.1 Motivation................................ 122 7.2 Model Repair for an Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle . 123 7.3 Interleaving Arguing and Model Checking . 125 7.4 Conclusions . 132 8 Normative deontic logic 134 8.1 Motivation................................ 134 8.2 Requirements for HACCP-based systems . 135 8.3 Normative temporal logic over ALC .................. 136 8.4 Normative systems . 140 8.5 Integration of the normative systems . 143 8.6 Conclusions . 154 III Future work 155 9 Overall plans for the future 156 9.1 Teaching Artificial Intelligence . 156 9.2 Research topics . 160 9.3 SupervisingPhDs............................ 163 3 Part I Preliminaries 4 Chapter 1 Advising and management activities There have been 11 years since I've been accepted as a teacher in computer science, based on my inaugural thesis (inaugural dissertation). Indeed, in 2008 I defended my PhD thesis \Structural Models for Inter-agents Online Dispute Resolution". The thesis got the distinction Magna Cum Laude. My subjective explanations on this distinction are two: First, instead of taking six years as scheduled, the work took only five. I recall that this interval was also quite short comparing to other theses in the same period. Second, the thesis was warranted by some papers pub- lished at conferences with low acceptance rate (i.e. 15% for IAT) and many papers published in LNCS. Up to 2006, LNCS was still considered an ISI journal with impact factor. Now, I am writing this habilitation thesis (or Habilitationsschrift) aiming to prove to myself that I am capable of - how they say - \proficient transfer of knowledge to the next generation" [43]. I am an Associate Professor at Technical University of Cluj-Napoca since 2014, with experience in artificial intelligence. During my PhD (2003-2008) I taught only laboratory works. After PhD, I had lectures on Functional Programming, Artificial Intelligence, Intelligent Systems, and Knowledge-based Systems. Interestingly, these classes have been perceived so differently by students during the years. For instance, in 2008 lambda functions or higher order functions in Haskell and Lisp were concepts classified by students as "abstract, stupid, and of no practical relevance\. Now, not few students are fascinated by the same concepts in Java or Python. In 2008, multi-layer perceptrons (known today as deep neural networks) were considered by students no more than an ugly topic for the exam. Now, students are using such instrumentation - driven by their own interests - long before I teach them in the second semester of the 3rd year. Differently, in 2008 ontologies were considered an hot topic. I recall a session of diploma projects with a full day booked by the ontology-related topics. Now, the tribe of knowledge 5 representation and reasoning is (arguable) under the shadow of the statistically, black boxes tribe leaded by the shining star of deep neural networks. I did look with a bird-eye at the developments in machine learning and even I used such instrumentation to solve tasks related to natural language processing on texts on climate change or to classify images with crops in precision agriculture. Still, I am a member of the first tribe - the knowledge-based and reasoning one. In this line, my work is on knowledge representation and reasoning, multi-agent systems, and argumentation theory. I have acquired funding as principal investigator for the following research topics: • ARGCLIME: Increasing understanding on climate change through public discourse analyse and stakeholders modelling, EEA and Norwegian Financial Mechanisms (3 months), 2016 • ARGSAFE: Using Argumentation for justifying safeness in complex techni- cal systems, UEFSCDI, PN-II-Capacitati Bilateral Romania-Argentina (24 months), 2013-2015 • GREEN-VANETS: Improving transportation using Car-2-X communication and multi agent systems, Intern TUCN (12 months), 2013-2014 • LELA: Collaborative Recommendation System in the Tourism Domain Us- ing Semantic Web Technologies and Text Analysis in Romanian Language, UEFSCDI, PN-II Innovation Checks, (6 months), 2013-2014 • ASDEC - Structural Argumentation for Decision Support with Normative Constraints, UEFSCDI, PN-II-Capacitati Bilateral Romania-Moldova (20 months), 2013-2014 • ARGNET - Structured Argumentation in Semantic Web Oriented E- business, POSDRU-EXCEL (Postdoc Research Grant), 2010-2013 • Automating Online Dispute Resolution for B2B Using Multi-Agent Systems, CNCSIS, TD-534/2007, 2007-2008 The LELA project has obtained the 1st rank after the evaluation in the national competition. I served as a reviewer to several journals such as Expert Systems with Appli- cations, Semantic Web and Information Systems, Argument&Computation, Infor- mation Technology Research. Recently, I was the general co-chair of The Sixth International Conference on. Mining Intelligence and Knowledge Exploration (MIKE 2018), LNAI, Springer, 6 2018. MIKE 2018 received 93 submissions from 29 countries. The program com- mittee from 27 countries recommended 33 of these submissions for acceptance. Hence, the overall acceptance rate for this edition of MIKE is 35.48%. The au- thors represent institutions from Austria, Colombia, Ecuador, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico,Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, and United Arab Emirates. I also organised the SIMA workshop (Chisinau, Moldova), collocated with ICMCS conference in 2014, and the 1st Workshop on Flexible Communication Be- tween Human and Software Agents Cluj-Napoca, Romania, collocated with The 10th National Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (ROCHI) in 2013. I organised three editions of the Ontology Building Competition (BOC13), (BOC14), (BOC15). The ontologies developed at these competitions were pub- lished on the OntoHub online ontology repository. I was the project leader or developer for several scientific software, available for download: • ARGSENSE aggregates public opinions from debate sites, 2018 • ARGMED identifies medical arguments in scientific papers, 2016 • EMKA identifies conflicting information in medical papers, 2016 • SafeEd checks consistency of GSN safety cases, 2014 • OntEval evaluates ontologies with Analytical Hierachical Process, 2014 • OntoRich - automatic ontology enrichment, 2011 • ARGNET supports argumentation in semantic wikis, 2010 Some of my research has been awarded distinctions: best paper at FEDCSIS, Warsaw, (among 150 accepted papers), 2014; UEFSCDI award for the paper - Compliance checking of integrated business processes. Data & Knowledge Eng., 87, 1-18, 2014; UEFSCDI award for Assuring safety in air traffic control systems with argumentation and model checking. ESWA, 44, 367-385, 2016. I also obtained several travel grants: travel grant at Poznan Reasoning Week, Adam Mickiewicz University and University of Zielona Gora., Poznan, Poland, 2018, travel grant COST Act. Agreement Tech. King's College, London, 2012; travel grant European Assoc. of Artif. Intell., TUHH, Hamburg, 2008. 1.1 Teaching activities My teaching activities started in 2003 at the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca with the practical classes for Multi-Agent Systems and Artificial Intelligence. After 7 Ph.D. defending in 2008, I started lectures on Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Intelligent Systems and Functional Programming. I was responsible for creating the content and teaching the newly introduced Knowledge-Based Systems. I had recently (May 2018) 6 lectures at the Department of Artificial Intelligence and Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia. I has also lectures the summer school Electrosummer, 15-28 Iulie 2018, Cluj-Napoca. The lectures were on Description Logics and Epistemic Logic. I have supervised 16 master students (since 2011), respectively 57 undergrad- uate