AN ABSTRACT OF THE PROJECT REPORT OF Anika T. Sarkar for the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering presented on July 19, 2019. Title: Assessing Durability of Concrete and Ettringite Accelerated Cementitious System Abstract approved: ______________________________________________________ Jason H. Ideker The goal of the first part of this project was to investigate the influence of aggregate source and entrained air on the transport properties of concrete. Currently, there are several ASTM standards available that provide systematic procedures to evaluate mass transport properties of concrete. ASTM C642-13 (ASTM 2013), often referred to as the standard for measurement of pore volume, has been used in assessing durability. Another standardized test method, ASTM C1556-11a (ASTM 2016), allows determination of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete, which is generally used to assess the resistance to chloride penetration and predict service life of concrete. To assess the durability of concrete in this project, these were the two experimental techniques used. Two aggregate sources, river gravel, and carbonate limestone, were investigated along with three water/cement ratios; with and without air entrainment. Results indicated that aggregate types influenced the porosity and chloride ingress of concrete. Limestone concrete showed a lower apparent diffusion coefficient than the river gravel counterpart. However, no significant effect was observed in the concrete mixtures due to the addition of air entrainment. The second goal of this project was to investigate the stability of ettringite accelerated cementitious systems subjected to different environmental conditions. Ettringite, the major hydrated phase of these systems, may have durability issue when subjected to environmental exposure. Ettringite accelerated systems have distinct advantages including rapid set and hardening as well as shrinkage compensation. Durability concerns have reason as these systems have moved from indoor application to interest in using these systems in outdoor applications, especially for rapid repair and construction. Until now, most of these systems were designed for indoor application (e.g., self-leveling floor screeds, tile adhesives, and grouts). Therefore, there is insufficient data on the performance of ettringite accelerated system, particularly as repair material in transportation infrastructure. Recently, the durability of portland cement rich ettringite accelerated systems was determined for different exposures. However, in this research the focus is on calcium aluminate cement rich systems. In this research, the cementitious systems consist of portland cement, calcium aluminate cement, and calcium sulfate were exposed to four environmental conditions. For completeness, both portland cement rich and calcium aluminate cement rich systems were evaluated to enable direct comparison. The dimensional stability, mechanical properties, and mineralogical compositions were examined in this study. ©Copyright by Anika T. Sarkar July 19, 2019 All Rights Reserved Assessing Durability of Concrete and Ettringite Accelerated Cementitious System by Anika T. Sarkar A PROJECT REPORT submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Presented July 19, 2019 Commencement June 2019 Master of Science project report of Anika T. Sarkar presented on July 19, 2019. APPROVED: Major Professor, representing Civil Engineering Head of the School of Civil & Construction Engineering Dean of the Graduate School I understand that my project report will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my project report to any reader upon request. Anika T. Sarkar, Author Acknowledgments I would like to extend my sincerest thanks to the following people and organizations, without whom this document would never have been completed. I want to begin by thanking my advisor Dr. Jason H. Ideker. Professor Ideker has taught me a lot about not giving up when everything seems to be going wrong and holding on to the determination to learn. Under his mentorship, I have arrived where I am today and learned to strive to have an impact in my field while remembering the importance of family. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. O. Burkan Isgor and Dr. Erdem Coleri, for your time and valuable input in the course of my graduate learning. I would also like to express my gratitude to the Ideker Research group for always being around. Special thanks to Samantha for laying the groundwork for my research on the PCA project. Thank you, Siva for your encouragement and sharing thoughtful life lessons. To all the undergrads, Jeremy, Gabe, Joe, and Matt, thank you for the hard work and support and still managing to smile after spending hours in the lab. To Kerneos and to the Department of Civil and Construction Engineering for helping me navigate through the vast wilderness of administration so that I could make it this far on schedule. To the OASE intern team, for lifting me up and for always being there to encourage me. To Ammu, thank you for always having faith in me and for bearing through those panicked phone calls. It would have been so much harder to survive through this journey without your constant motivation and calming voice. I would like to write a lot more, but I believe you already know. Abbu, your drive, and passion for your work has always inspired me to work harder. You have been a true motivation. Last but not least, thank you to my best friend and husband, Sa’ad. You have been a constant encouragement and inspiration to me. Thank you for all you have done to support me during my graduate student journey. I am so excited to start the next stage in our lives, together. Contribution of Authors Dr. Jason H. Ideker advised on data interpretation of Chapter 2. Samantha Whatley assisted in data collection, analysis of Chapter 2. Table of Contents 1 General Introduction ................................................................................................... 15 Scope and Layout of Thesis ..................................................................................... 15 Notation................................................................................................................... 16 Cement chemistry notation for oxide compounds .................................................. 16 Materials............................................................................................................... 16 Background and Introduction ................................................................................... 16 Manuscript 1 ......................................................................................................... 16 Manuscript 2 ......................................................................................................... 17 2 Manuscript 1 .............................................................................................................. 19 Effect of air entrainer and aggregates on the apparent diffusion coefficient of concrete ............. 19 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 20 Apparent Diffusion Coefficient ............................................................................. 21 Materials and experimental methods ........................................................................ 22 Raw materials and mixture characteristics ............................................................. 22 Experimental Methods .......................................................................................... 24 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................ 26 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 31 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... 32 References ............................................................................................................... 32 Appendix A .............................................................................................................................. 35 Appendix B ............................................................................................................................... 37 List of Figures Figure 1. Porosity of each mixtures with respect to water-cement ratio at 182 days ................... 26 Figure 2. Chloride profiles after exposure for 182 days for concrete mixtures with (a) Limestone and cement A (b) Limestone and cement B (c) River Gravel and cement A (d) River gravel and cement B ................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 3. Correlation of w/c with porosity and apparent diffusion coefficient of limestone concrete ................................................................................................................................................. 30 Figure 4. Correlation of w/c with porosity and apparent diffusion coefficient of river gravel concrete .................................................................................................................................... 30 List of Tables Table 1. Aggregate Properties ..................................................................................................