Supplementary Table 1. Diagnosis and Procedure Codes Used for Cohort Development ICD-9/ICD-10 code Description Distal Radius Fracture 813.40 Lower end of forearm, unspecified 813.41 Closed Colles fracture 813.42 Other closed fracture of the distal part of the radius, alone 813.44 Radius with ulna, lower end 813.45 Torus fracture of radius S52.50 Unspecified fracture of the lower end of radius S52.5 Fracture of lower end of radius S52.50 Unspecified fracture of the lower end of radius S52.501 A,D,G,K,P,S Unspecified fracture of the lower end of right radius S52.502 A,D,G,K,P,S Unspecified fracture of the lower end of left radius S52.509 A,D,G,K,P,S Unspecified fracture of the lower end of unspecified radius S52.52 Torus fracture of lower end of radius S52.522 A,D,G,K,P,S Torus fracture of lower end of left radius S52.529 A,D,G,K,P,S Torus fracture of lower end of unspecified radius S52.53 Colles' fracture S52.531 A,D,G,K,P,S Colles' fracture of right radius S52.532 A,D,G,K,P,S Colles' fracture of left radius S52.539 A,D,G,K,P,S Colles' fracture of unspecified radius S52.54 Smith's fracture S52.541 A,D,G,K,P,S Smith's fracture of right radius S52.542 A,D,G,K,P,S Smith's fracture of left radius S52.549 A,D,G,K,P,S Smith's fracture of unspecified radius S52.55 Other extraarticular fracture of lower end of radius S52.551 A,D,G,K,P,S Other extraarticular fracture of lower end of right radius S52.552 A,D,G,K,P,S Other extraarticular fracture of lower end of left radius S52.559 A,D,G,K,P,S Other extraarticular fracture of lower end of unspecified radius S52.56 Barton's fracture S52.561 A,D,G,K,P,S Barton's fracture of right radius S52.562 A,D,G,K,P,S Barton's fracture of left radius S52.569 A,D,G,K,P,S Barton's fracture of unspecified radius S52.57 Other intraarticular fracture of lower end of radius S52.571 A,D,G,K,P,S Other intraarticular fracture of lower end of right radius S52.572 A,D,G,K,P,S Other intraarticular fracture of lower end of left radius S52.579 A,D,G,K,P,S Other intraarticular fracture of lower end of unspecified radius S52.59 Other fractures of lower end of radius S52.591 A,D,G,K,P,S Other fractures of lower end of right radius S52.592 A,D,G,K,P,S Other fractures of lower end of left radius S52.599 A,D,G,K,P,S Other fractures of lower end of unspecified radius Bone Cancer 170.9 Malignant neoplasm of bone and articular cartilage, site unspecified 198.5 Secondary malignant neoplasm of bone and bone marrow C40 Malignant neoplasm of bone and articular cartilage of limbs C41 Malignant neoplasm of bone and articular cartilage of other and unspecified sites C79.51 Secondary malignant neoplasm of bone C79.52 Secondary malignant neoplasm of bone marrow CPT code Description External fixation 20690 Application of a uniplane unilateral external fixation system 20692 Application of a multiplane unilateral external fixation system Closed treatment 25600 Closed treatment of distal radial fracture, without manipulation 25605 Closed treatment of distal radial fracture, with manipulation 29065 Application of long arm (shoulder to hand) cast 29075 Application of short arm (elbow to hand) cast 29085 Application of hand and lower forearm cast 29105 Application of long arm splint 29125 Application of short arm static splint 29126 Application of short arm dynamic splint Percutaneous fixation 25611 Percutaneous skeletal fixation of distal radial fracture 25606 Percutaneous fixation distal radius fracture or epiphyseal separation Open treatment 25620 Open treatment of distal radial fracture 25607 Open treatment of extraarticular DRF or epiphyseal separation, with or without internal or external fixation 25608 Open treatment of intraarticular DRF or epiphyseal separation with internal fixation of two fragments 25609 Open treatment of intraarticular DRF or epiphyseal separation with internal fixation of three or more fragments .