IFAD NQG: Document of The International Fund for Agricultural Development For Official Use Only GOVERNMENT OF MONGOLIA MONGOLIA ARKHANGAY LIVESTOCK PROJECT: SURVEY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PROJECT DESIGN Survey of Sums: Arkhangai Aimak: Gjhgyuga gabunay veb;nay ve;glugg VERSION 1.0 The present document is a discussion draft only. Not to be cited under any circumstances. Asia Division Project Management Department Submitted by: Roger Blench Mallam Dendo Ltd. 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm Report to IFAD Ulaan Baatar, September, 1995 This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without the authorisation of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). MO ALDP i SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY: INTRODUCTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................... I TABLES ................................................................................................................................................................... III FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................................. III CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS ...............................................................................................................................IV ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................IV LOCAL TERMS USED IN THE TEXT ................................................................................................................IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................... V I. PROJECT AND SECTORAL BACKGROUND .................................................................................................1 A. BACKGROUND..................................................................................................................................................1 B. SURVEY OF HERDER HOUSEHOLDS....................................................................................................................1 C. EXISTING LITERATURE......................................................................................................................................1 II. PROJECT AREA..................................................................................................................................................2 A. DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS ...............................................................................................2 1. Ecology...........................................................................................................................................................2 2. Human population ..........................................................................................................................................2 B. SOCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURES.....................................................................................................3 Administrative systems.......................................................................................................................................3 Post-Socialist social structure.............................................................................................................................3 Households........................................................................................................................................................3 Women-headed and matrifocal households ......................................................................................................4 Genesis of the khot ail.......................................................................................................................................4 Larger social groupings.....................................................................................................................................5 Resurgence of Religion.....................................................................................................................................5 C. RECKONING LIVESTOCK NUMBERS ...................................................................................................................5 The problem of yak/cattle numbers ....................................................................................................................6 D. LIVESTOCK SPECIES .........................................................................................................................................7 Camels ................................................................................................................................................................7 Horses.................................................................................................................................................................7 Yaks....................................................................................................................................................................7 Khainag and ortom .............................................................................................................................................8 Cattle ..................................................................................................................................................................8 Sheep ..................................................................................................................................................................8 Goats...................................................................................................................................................................9 Pigs .....................................................................................................................................................................9 Poultry ................................................................................................................................................................9 III. SURVEY DATA.................................................................................................................................................10 A. OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................10 B. RESULTS OF THE SURVEY...........................................................................................................................11 1. Household structures ....................................................................................................................................11 Women-headed households ............................................................................................................................12 2. Khot ails: Structure and membership ...........................................................................................................12 Rural and sum centre poverty: beneficiaries’ development priorities ..............................................................13 Urban migration ..............................................................................................................................................13 ‘Poor lineages’ ................................................................................................................................................13 Family problems..............................................................................................................................................14 MO ALDP ii SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY: INTRODUCTORY Sickness and disablement................................................................................................................................14 Life-cycle poverty...........................................................................................................................................14 Assessing poverty via income proxies ............................................................................................................14 Patterns of animal ownership ...........................................................................................................................15 Numbers..........................................................................................................................................................15 b. Mix of Species ............................................................................................................................................16 5. Viable herds: concepts and definition ..........................................................................................................16 6. Sources, availability and constraints on stock for redistribution..................................................................18 Livestock Species to be redistributed..............................................................................................................20 Repayment strategies ......................................................................................................................................20