digitalcommons.nyls.edu Faculty Scholarship Articles & Chapters 1995 The pS ousal Letters of Samuel R. Thurston, Oregon's First Territorial Delegate to Congress: 1849-1851 James Perry Richard H. Chused New York Law School, [email protected] Mary Delano Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/fac_articles_chapters Part of the Legal Biography Commons Recommended Citation 96 Ore. Hist. Q. 4 (1995) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at DigitalCommons@NYLS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles & Chapters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@NYLS. The Spousal Letters of Samuel R. Thurston, Oregon's First Territorial Delegate to Congress: 1849-1851 Edited by James R. Perry, Richard H. Chused, and Mary Delano Samuel Royal Thurston (1816--51), while serving as Oregon's first territorial delegate to the u.s. Con­ gress between 18+9 and 1851, wrote the letters to his wife that are excerpted in this article. H. K. Hines, in his History of Oregon (1893), wrote that Thur­ ston embodied "more of the spirit and life that lay at the foundation of the new com­ monwealth . than any other one man, and did more to give trend and char­ acter to its subsequent his­ tory than any other of his period." (OHS neg. CN 020665) 4 HE OREGON Historical Society Research Library Samuel Thurston's houses a revealing collection of nineteenth-cen­ poignant Ttury letters from Oregon political figure Samuel R. Thurston to his wife, a correspondence written anticipations of while Thurston served as Oregon's first territorial del­ death and his role egate to the u.s. Congress between 1849 and 1851.1 The letters are noteworthy for a number of reasons. in history. First, Thurston's importance to the early development of the Oregon Territory has not yet been reflected ade­ quately in biographical literature. 2 As territorial dele­ gate from Oregon, he played a pivotal role in the adop­ tion of several important acts of Congress, including measures to improve regional transportation and com­ munication and the Oregon Donation Act, the terri­ tory's signal land-grant legislation.3 Publication of these letters thus fills part of the historical void on Thurston. Second, the letters speak to a number of more general issues important to nineteenth-century western history, including slavery, congressional poli­ tics, and territorial development. Third, Thurston's fre­ quent mention of family matters in these letters-mar­ riage, moving west, children, education, and finances -provides social and family historians of the West with a rich resource on the family considerations of a midnineteenth-century male politician. AMUEL ROYAL THURSTON was born in Monmouth, SMaine, on April 17, 1816, to Trueworthy and Priscilla Royal Thurston. The family moved to Peru, Maine, in 1819. The sixth of eight children, Thurston attended Maine Wesleyan Seminary in Readfield, Maine, in 183 7 and 1838, Dartmouth College in 1839 and 1840, and Bowdoin College (from which he grad­ uated) between 1840 and 1843.4 While details of Thurston's childhood have re­ mained largely obscure, this collection of letters adds considerably to the body of knowledge about the politi­ A documentary publishing cian's early life in Maine. The letter ofJune 15, 1850- a long, sometimes emotional reminiscence-is espe­ project undertaken by three cially important. From it we learn of young Sam Washington, D.C., histori- Thurston's extreme self-consciousness in relation to ans. 5 people of means, his experience in being bound into indenture by his father, his attendance at Monmouth Academy just prior to matriculating at Maine Wesleyan Seminary, and the meeting of his future wife, Elizabeth McLench, while at Bowdoin College. His thoughts about these and other aspects of his life describe a set of emotional and political sensibilities that both fit his time and point to the character of his accomplishments in Congress. The notion of an "independent suffragan" was a central feature of nineteenth-century debates about the roles of men in family life and political events. Thurston described this type of man as "beyond the compelling grasp of the rich lord or politician, and where viewing all measures for himself, he can think, and speak, and vote as a well directed and untrammelled judgment shall di­ rect. "5 Such men, supporting themselves and their families by farming or running businesses, were thought of as the backbone of a society and culture challenged with making decisions about its future course. From the days of Thomas Jefferson, the inde­ pendent suffragan (or, more commonly in Jefferson's time, the "independent yeoman farmer") was viewed by many as the crucial component in the development of a stable republic. Thurston's letter of June 15 is full of musings about his one­ time dream of becoming an independent suffragan. He longed to be "the possessor of a competence, and be one among the honored and respected of the town," and to "become an independent farmer, and respected as such usually are." But "happening to be a poor boy," Thurston wondered, how could he possibly become "spoken well of'? He wrote: "How many times I have cried, and how many, have I prayed most earnestly to God to bring me out of those tribulations." He recalled times of embarrassment at being rejected by a woman "because I was poor"; times of shyness at seeing other boys "better clad"; and times of humility and pride, such as when he encountered a once-rich and haughty man in Maine who had been reduced to poverty and rags. Thurston's youthful experiences gave him both a sense of obligation to those less well off and a strong ambition to reach the cultural heights of those who had disparaged him. His early urge to become an independent suffragan was chas­ tened by the faltering financial status of his father. In the letter of June 15 Thurston wrote of being bound out to one Joshua Gra­ ham, in the hope of making a "sum of money" that would allow him after four and one-half years "to arrive at distinction by way of beginning to be a respectable farmer." A dispute with Graham eventually led Thurston to other work, first tending a carding ma- 6 PERRY, CHUSED, AND DELANO chine and then clerking at the store of, and being tutored by, tradesman and lawyer Timothy Ludden. Though he thought this education "worthless," Thurston resolved to seek another sort of education that would move him beyond the poverty of his family and the limitations of agricultural life. With his father's help, Thurston wrote, he made arrangements "to work night&: morning to pay my board" at Monmouth Acad­ emy. Education, in time, opened new vistas for him. Thurston re­ called noticing "that the fact that I was going to the academy was pleasing to my father," and the student soon began to realize that education could provide him entree to those parts of society from which he had previously been excluded. Recalling his life in the later 1830s, Thurston wrote: "That winter I for the first time at­ tained a point, which I had always looked upon as very desirable in the path of honor-I became a school master." He eventually matriculated at Bowdoin College and, after graduating in 1843, read law in Brunswick, Maine, with Robert Dunlap, then married and headed west with his new wife.6 What drove Thurston west is not entirely clear. The June 15 letter to Mrs. Thurston includes a cryptic reference to another letter that was the "cause of my leaving Brunswick," but the re­ cipient of that letter, "Geo Dunlap," and the letter's contents are unknown. It appears, though, that the letter may have helped Thurston land a job in Burlington, Iowa. He may also have been drawn in part by the extravagant descriptions of western settle­ ments that often appeared in eastern newspapers, and by his own continuing desire to succeed as an independent suffragan. In any case, Thurston left Maine with a lawyer's training, a strong sense of the importance of education, a sensitivity to the difficulties of agricultural life in the Northeast, and a lively ambition to be more successful than his parents. Thurston rapidly became an important public person after leav­ ing Maine. His first major stop was Burlington, Iowa, where he took on the task of publishing the territory's major Democratic paper, the Iowa Territorial Gazette and Burlington Advertiser.7 From the first editions issued under Thurston's editorial direc­ tion, significant amounts of space were devoted to the western territories and the "Oregon Question." Lists of names of those moving west were regularly printed, along with letters about Ore­ gon, stories about the politics of the region, and long editorials advocating immediate action to resolve sovereignty disputes with Britain so that the area could be absorbed into the United States.a Thurston did not stay long in Iowa. Although advertisements in The Spousal Letters of Samuel R. Thurston 7 the Burlington newspaper indicate that he practiced law while there, he could not have built up much of a practice. His steward­ ship of the Iowa Territorial Gazette ended in November 1846;9 then, three months after his first child, Henry, was born, Thur­ ston departed with his family for Oregon, in March 1847.IO Little is said in the letters published here about the trip west. Thurston does, however, frequently mention his efforts to persuade rela­ tives and friends to make the overland trek. For example, he re­ ported on his decision to provide financial backing to others who were moving to Oregon, most notably Elizabeth Mclench Thur­ ston's brother Frank.