Souvenir is available on website : www.aedsi.org 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Agricultural, Environmental & Applied Sciences for Global Development (RAAEASGD-2019) Climate Change Scenario: Effects on the Environment and Possible Mitigation Measures A.K.M. Nazrul Islam (Ph.D. Sheffield, U.K.); *Ahmed M. Huq and **Md. Golam Rahman Ecology and Environment Laboratory, Department of Botany University of Dhaka, Bangladesh *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Atmospheric compositions are changing continuously as a result of human activities. Earth's climate has changed before many times in the last two billion years. At present something important is different this time. The topic was discussed in relation to (i)The Evolution of the Earth (ii) Increase of Human Population (iii)The C02 Concentration (iv) An attempt to propose the possible mitigation measures including CAM plants cultivation to overcome the problem. The evolution of the earth, particularly the ancient and the future continent of the planet and the time span from about 20 kyr BP to the present, was discussed. The evidence for climate and chemistry from a number of different sources permits to know the environmental conditions in fair detail for a period substantially longer than that in recorded human history. The history of human population growth was calculated by extrapolation from census figures that exist for the present-day agricultural societies and by examination of archaeological remains. Atmospheric CO2 Concentration has gone both up and down during the long geologic history of the earth and the human inputs of CO2 are one-way flux to the atmosphere, due principally to burning fossil fuel and deforestation, and to other land use conversions. The total human induced emissions of CO2 were relatively constant from 1780 to 1860. Recent estimates suggest that the gross CO2 emissions from deforestation and land use changes during the 1980s are appx. 1.6 Gt. of C per year. It was concluded that changes in carbon dioxide is a key factor in climate change and have had an important influence on climate, at least for the past 160 thousand years. Abundance of CO2 was relatively high during the warmer Cretaceous and Eocene epochs. – interrupting measurements of isotopic composition (13C) of organic material from plankton preserved in ocean sediments laid down during the Cretaceous and concluded that the level of CO2 during the Cretaceous was 4 to 12 times higher than today. It appears from the data that a value between about 600 and 700 ppm may have applied during the most recent warm period of the Eocene. Evidence showed that temperature has decreased by about 30C over the past 6000 years Coal produces major amounts of CO2, CO, hydrocarbons, NO, SO2 and soot during combustion; and methane is emitted into the atmosphere during the mining and processing of coal. Sea Level Rise occurred rapidly during warn period between 10,000 and 7000 years ago, reaching within about 15 meters of its present value at the end of this period. The subsequent rate of increase of sea level was relatively modest, suggesting that the ice sheets had reached closed to their present interglacial configuration by 7000 years ago. From sea level studies of Bangladesh, it was postulated an inundation of up to one third of the country due to 1m and 3 m rises in relative sea level by estimating the area below the 1m and 3 m contour lines due to changes in river gradients, sedimentation and drainage; the primary of impact of global mean sea level on Bangladesh will be an increase in flooding in the depressed basins upstream rather than only at the coast or within the tidal limits. The warmest temperatures during the past 10,000 years occurred and the peak temperatures were observed during the period known as Hypsithermal, about 8000 to about 5000 radiocarbon years from now. Greenhouse gas emissions by the developing countries have committed us to a mean sea level rise of only 2.7 to 3.5 cm by 2030 and 5.0 to 6.5 cm by 2100. Global climate change will increase the stress on agricultural systems, potentially decreasing yields at the very time when demand for food is growing dramatically. The question that requires an answer includes: Are we approaching catastrophic climate change? Will the ends of the Earth occur? The answer is very complex but not uncertain. Keywords: Earth Evolution, Population, CO2 Concentration, CAM Plants Cultivation. Agro Environmental Development Society, Majhra Ghat, Rampur, Uttar Pardesh, India 1 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Agricultural, Environmental & Applied Sciences for Global Development (RAAEASGD-2019) Comparative Study of Natural Resources and Ecological Conditions, Plant Community Types and Diversityof Sundarbans Mangrove and Deciduous Forests A.K.M. Nazrul Islam Ph. D. (Sheffield, U. K.) Ecology and Environment Laboratory, Department of Botany University of Dhaka, Bangladesh *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Plant community types of halophytes of different ecological zones of Sundarbans mangrove forests and deciduous forest were evaluated. Dominant plant species of the ecological zones of mangrove forest and the nature of adaptation were done. Formation of consociation in the Polyhaline zone and also to a lesser extent in Mesohaline zone of the halophytes was observed. In contrast, the Oligohaline zone exhibited mixed plant community. Seasonal variations of soil chemical conditions particularly salinity of water and soil were found highly variable. It was noted that exchangeable calcium is the dominant cation followed by magnesium. Salinity (conductivity) in the river water from selected locations showed strong seasonal variation and was several times higher in the Ologohaline zone at the end of the March (late winter) than in the monsoon season. Unavailability of fresh water supply from upstream through the river Ganges due to Farakka Barrage is responsible for such increase of salinity. Germination behavior of Heritierafomes and Xylocarpusgranatum in relation to salinity were investigated to explain the nature of adaptation. Variation of pneumatophores of the various species were discussed. Seedlings of Sonneratiaapetala planted (monoculture) in the Oligohaline zone in the experimental plot showed vigorous growth within three years. Redox potential measurements were taken in different ecological zones to explain the aeration status of soil environment to explain the growth status of plants. Low redox potential values in the top dying areas of Heritierafomes were observed. Plant species from the quadrats of circular plots of 2m radius were recorded and Diversity was measured by H´, the Shannon-Wiener Index. Ecological diversity was measured based on rarefaction of the actual samples, E ( S ) = { 1-[ ( N - Ni )/ ( N )] } å n n The diversity values showed correlation with the ecological conditions. The rarefaction methodology was compared with a number of diversity indices using identical data and was found to be influenced by sample size. The abundance of species ranked from most to least abundant (in geometric series) was also calculated as i-1 ni = NCKK (1 – K) Deciduous forest is dominated by Shorearobusta (Sal) with a number of associated species. Profile diagram were prepared to bring the of physiography to a sharper focus. The data were also analyzed with the log series and the Q statistic to bring plant diversity of the halophyte and deciduous forest to show the variation. The result indicated a strong diversity of the halophytes of Sundarbans mangrove forest. Plant succession pattern and the plant composition in Oligohaline and Mesohaline zones were evaluated. Key Words: Mangrove and Deciduous Forests, Edaphic Features, Species Diversity Chemical screening and identification of picroside-i and kutkoside containing accessions of picrorhiza kurrooa royle ex benth grown in nepal J. N. Sah1* and V. K. Varshney2 1Institute of Forestry, office of the Dean, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu,Nepal 2Chemistry Division, Forest Research Institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehra Dun-248006, Uttarakhand, India *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Picrorhizakurrooa Royleex Benth (family Scrophulariaceae),commonly known as Kutki, is a medicinally revered herb which grows in the Himalayan region at elevation ranging from 3000 to 5000m.Its rhizomes are used extensively in traditional medicinal systems. P. kurrooaalso constitutes an important group of medicinal plants used by different community in Nepal. AS a Agro Environmental Development Society, Majhra Ghat, Rampur, Uttar Pardesh, India 2 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Agricultural, Environmental & Applied Sciences for Global Development (RAAEASGD-2019) consequence of over harvesting of wild stock and shortage of natural populations, P. kurrooa is listed as a threatened medicinal plant species of Nepal. Picroside-I and kutkoside are the bioactive marker metabolites of kutki. 36 accessions of P. kurrooa growing at different altitudes (3170 to 4414m) picroside-I, 0.77 to 4.88%; kutkoside, 0.52 to 8.91% and kutkin, 2.10 to11.37% in Far Western Development Region and Mid-Western Development Region of Nepal were screened for picroside-I and kutkoside content. The rhizomes were shade dried, milled, defatted, and extracted with hot methanol. The extracts for picroside-I and kutkoside content were analyzed by HPTLC method validated for linearity, precision, specificity and accuracy according to ICH, 1995 guidelines. Separation and quantification of picroside-I Rf (0.55) and kutkosideRf (0.41) was achieved on precoated silica gel 60F254 aluminium plates using mobile phase chloroform-methanol (75:25, v/v) in a twin trough chamber saturated for 20 minutes. Kutkin content was observed to vary with the altitude. Picroside-I, kutkoside and kutkin ranged 0.77 to 4.88%; 0.52 to 8.91% and 2.10 to 11.37% respectively. ANOVA analysis revealed significant variation in the content of kutkoside and kutkin with altitude. However, no significant variation in the content of picroside-I with the altitude was observed. Six chemically superior accessions of P. kurrooacontaining high kutkin content were identified for their conservation and cultivation.