Index 571 INDEX ABC immunostaining method, 307–308 Ankle cartilage Accelerating voltage autoradiographs, 427f TEM, 523–524 Apoptosis, 433, 434 Acid decalcifiers, 168 Aragonite, 514 Acid fuchsin Araldite/Embed-812, 386 mineralized bone, 317f Arthritis, 546, 546f osteoblasts, 316f degenerative titanium implant, 440 radiological examination, 535–541, woven bone, 316f 536f, 538f, 539f, 540f–541f Acid phosphatase (ACP) Arthroplasty histochemical staining, 316–319 total hip ACP radiological examination, 535–542 histochemical staining, 316–319 Articular cartilage, 83f, 415–416 Activation frequency, 395–396 animal models, 427–431 remodeling transients, 397 decalcification, 428–429 Adamantinoma, 483–484 lesion severity, 429–431 Adapted window, 70 sectioning and staining, 429 Adhesive, 10 tissue collection and fixation, 428 Adobe Photoshop, 381, 383 composition, 73–78 Agarose, 85 evaluation, 416 Aggrecan, 75, 75f freeze-fracture SEM, 50f Alcian blue, 16 functional aspects, 78–83 Alcian blue/PAS stain, 300 growth factors, 86 Alcohols, 160, 162–163 H&E stain, 46f, 49f Aldehydes, 160 human Alizarin complexone, 103 analysis, 423–427 Alizarin red S, 103 injuries, 83–88 Alizarins, 103–104 mechanical forces, 86–87 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 284, 443 mechanical properties, 79 histochemical staining, 316–319 variations, 79–83 osteoblasts, 318f micrograph, 418f Alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase repair, 412–420 technique, 308f canine model, 417–418 ALP, 284, 443 failed, 418–420 histochemical staining, 316–319 histology, histochemistry, immunohis- osteoblasts, 318f tochemistry, 412 Aluminum intoxication, 400f histomorphometric evaluation, 412–413 Anatomical planes methods, 412–417 schematic, 145f resurfacing, 84 Anatomical terminology, 144 safranin O stain, 291f Aneurysmal bone cyst, 487–488 scaffold, 85 Ankle structure and function, 73–88 Collins grade, 426f tissue engineering, 85–86 t: table f: figure 571 572 Index tissue types histogenesis, 65–70 light micrographs, 414f macroscopic structure, 59–62 transplantation, 84–85 microscopic structure, 62–64 trauma, 431–434 organization and constituents, 39–42 calcified tissue damage, 431 porosity, 41 cell viability, 431–434 SEM, 501 early matrix damage, 431 ultrastructure, 64–65 zonal arrangement, 76–77, 77f Bone balance, 67 Artifacts, 561–570 irreversible bone loss/gain, 69 autolysis, 563f Bone biopsy, 119–122 frozen sections, 568 arrangements, 121–124 hydroxyapatite coating, 569f–570f closed-needle transilial, 123 sectioning, 567f evaluation prior to, 135–136 routine decalcified paraffin-embedded inappropriate histology, 566–567 consequences, 129–130 Aspirin, 123 limitations, 120–121 Assay biopsy, 131–132, 140 outline, 138–141 Autolysis artifacts, 563f patient instructions, 122t Automatic microtome, 557f patient position, 125f Autoradiographs site, 125f ankle cartilage, 427f specimen handling, 126–127 Avascular necrosis technical aspects, 136–138 radiological examination, 541–546, 542f, site, 136–138 544f–545f timing, 120 transilial Backscattered electron microscopic (BSEM) specimen, 127f images, 19–21 types, 132–135 Band saw, 5f uses, 130–132 Barium sulfate Bone cement microangiography, 549–551 cement penetration study, 367–370 Barium sulfate and Chinese ink cement thickness study, 365–367 microangiography, 551 histomorphometric analysis, 361–372 Bending interface contact study, 362–363 decalcification, 169 interface pores, 365f Benign fibro-histiocytic tumors, 474 interface porosity study, 363–365 Benign lipomas, 485 radio-opaque, 367 Benign vascular tumors, 482–483 Bone dust, 565f BIAS image analyzer, 339 as artifact, 564 Biomet hand-driven core needle, 133 Bone-forming tumors, 463–473 Biopsy incision Bone healing. See Fracture healing proper vs improper, 138 Bone histomorphometry, 331–349 BioQuant, 238 histological methods, 332–336 Biphasic theory, 79 microanatomical methods, 336–349 Bisphosphonates physical methods, 331–332 postmenopausal osteoporosis, 396 software, 10 Blastic metastases, 485–486 Bone-implant interface Bone biocompatibility evaluation, 353–354 cell structure and biology, 35–42 histological analysis, 353–359 cellular components, 35–39 histomorphometric analysis, 356–359 Index 573 SEM, 505–510 Calcified cartilage examples, 507–508 evaluation, 416 sample preparation, 506–507 Calcified tissue TEM, 513–526 radiological examination, 531–546 analytical facilities, 525 case reports, 535–537 bone bonding to biomaterials, 514–515 methods, 531–535 evaluation, 523–526 Calcium implant materials, 513–515 stains, 150t interpreting micrographs, 525–526 Calcium phosphate (CaP) specimen grids and support films, bone interface 521–522 TEM, 520f ultrathin intact interfaces, 515–523 coated titanium fiber mesh, 261–262, 262f Bone-labeling techniques, 99–114 implants, 255–256, 256f Bone-lining cells, 36 synthetic, 513–514 Bone loss Cal-Ex, 211 primary hyperparathyroidism, 401 Calipers Bone marrow biopsy, 178 electronic, 10 Bone mass reversible changes Camera postmenopausal osteoporosis, 395–396 Sony DFW-V300 Digital Interface, 234 Bone mineral, 44–45 Cancellous bone, 337f Bone remodeling unit (BRU), 68f compact desktop micro-CT scan, 23f Bone sectioning vs cortical bone, 41 Exakt system, 243–251 decalcified histology, 562f modified inner diamond saw, 253–263 DEXA scanner Precise 1 automated cutting system, 265–269 CT, 41 staining techniques, 281–285 disintegration Bone tumors postmenopausal osteoporosis, 391–393 classification, 449 fluorochrome common associations, 451t animal studies, 110–111 grading and staging, 448–449 formation periods, 107f laboratory handling, 447–448 H&E stain, 37f primary, 449t loss mechanisms radiology, 449–450 postmenopausal osteoporosis, 393–396 Bone turnover modeling and remodeling, 67 reversible bone loss/gain, 68–69, 69f organization, 60f Bouin's solution, 163–164 photomicrographs, 348f Bromodeoxyuridine injections, 386 radiograph, 40f BRU, 68f remodeling, 393f BSEM images, 19–21 three-dimensional method, 392–393 Buehler Isomet 2000 Precision saw, 237f two-dimensional method, 392 Buffered formalin (BF) CaP. See Calcium phosphate (CaP) neutral, 11, 144, 159 Carbohydrates stains, 150t Calcein blue, 103 Carpal bone undecalcified iliac bone, 335f celloidin-embedded decalcification, 550f Calcein double-labeling, 100f Chinese ink, 550f Calcification front Cartilage, 45–51 histomorphometry and fluorochrome aggregate modulus, 82f staining, 334 alkaline phosphatase, 318f 574 Index ankle sectioning, 554 autoradiographs, 427f specimen holder, 554 articular. See Articular cartilage staining, 554–555 calcified Cellular antigens, 309–310 evaluation, 416 Cemented femoral implant, 371f cellular components, 46–47 Cemented metal implant constituents and organization, 47–48 cutting technique, 272–273 decalcified. See Decalcified bone and Cemented prosthesis, 366f cartilage Cemented stem, 364f histological analysis, 423–434 Cemented total hip prosthesis, 238f hyaline Cement mantle, 369f articular cartilage repair, 412–413 thickness, 370f van Gieson's stain, 302f Cement-metal interface mechanical properties histomorphometric analysis, 361–372 diabetes mellitus, 84f Cement penetration study, 367–370 permeability, 50f Cement thickness study, 365–367 SEM, 501 Chelators, 169, 174, 177 semiquantitative grading scales, 291–292 Chemical fixation, 146 shear modulus, 82f Chemical storage, 25 Cartilage-forming tumors, 450–463 Chemical testing Cartilage matrix, 48f decalcification, 170 Cartilage sections Chinese ink basic staining techniques, 287–292 carpal bone, 550f histochemical and immunohistochemical epiphysis, 551f staining, 295–312 microangiography, 551 paraffin embedding, 296–297 Chondral defect tissue-embedding procedure, 296–297 deepening, 84 Cartilage stains, 290–291 Chondroblastoma, 453–454 Cartilage tissue Chondrocytes, 46–47, 74 histochemical findings, 301–304 hydrostatic pressure, 86–87 histochemical staining, 297–301 superficial zone, 78 immunohistochemical observations, 311 TEM, 499f immunohistochemical staining, 305–309 van Gieson's stain, 303f section pretreatment, 308–309 Chondroma, 452–453, 481–482 targets, 309–311 periosteal, 452f types, 295–296 Chondromyxoid fibroma, 454–455, 455f Celloidin Chondrosarcoma, 455–463 characteristics, 553 clear-cell, 459, 460f embedding, 191–192 dedifferentiated, 459–461, 461f infiltration, 191–192 differential diagnosis, 457–458 Celloidin-embedded decalcification grading, 456–457 carpal bone, 550f low grade, 457f hip, 550f management, 458 radius, 550f mesenchymal, 461–462, 462f ulna, 550f vs Ewing's sarcoma, 478 Celloidin-embedded specimens, 553–555 Circular diamond saws, 4–6, 6f embedding, 553–554 materials and methods, 254–255 infiltration, 553–554 schematic view, 254f mounting microvascular slices, 554 Clear-cell chondrosarcoma, 459, 460f Index 575 Clearing, 11–15, 188–189 Cutting and grinding, 233–239 Closed-needle transilial bone biopsy, 123 fixation, 234–235 CLSM, 22–23 interpretation, 236–239 Cole's hematoxylin 17, 17 Cutting and polishing Collagen, 47, 74, 85, 514 bone-implant interface, 507 superficial zone, 78 Cutting machine, 221 Collagenous connective tissue Cysts, 486–488 staining, 298 Collins grade, 425f Decalcification, 167–183, 287–290, 552–553 Collins score, 425 components/action, 168–169 Compact bone, 59 end point determination, 169–170 Compact desktop micro-CT scanners, 22, 23f Gill's II H&E stain, 181f, 182f Composite bone/soft tissue, 180 human tibia, 171f Composite modeling, 45 improper Compression, 87 routine decalcified paraffin-embedded Computer-based image analysis histology, 564–565 threaded implant,