172 20.3 172 Dark Tourism and Pilgrimage Dark Tourism Dark Tourism Dark Tourism and Pilgrimage and Pilgrimage Edited by Daniel H. Olsen and Maximiliano E. Korstanje Edited by Daniel H. Olsen and Maximiliano E. Korstanje In recent years, there has been a growth in both the practice and research of dark tourism, the phenomenon of visiting sites of tragedy or disaster. Exploring this trend, this book examines dark tourism through the new lens of pilgrimage, focusing on dark tourism sites as pilgrimage destinations, dark tourists as pilgrims, and dark tourism as a form of pilgrimage. It considers aspects of both religious and non- religious pilgrimage, covering theories and histories of dark tourism and pilgrimage, pilgrimage to dark tourism sites, and experience design. This book: • Is the first to combine the fields of dark tourism and pilgrimage. • Includes case studies, such as visitor experience at the Aboriginal Culture Gallery in Western Australia, visitor motivation and meaning at Japan’s Aokigahara or ‘suicide forest’ and the complicated intersections of hip-hop pilgrimage and dark tourism in the Bronx. • Is written by a multidisciplinary set of contributing authors from Europe, the Americas, Australasia and Asia to give a globally relevant view of dark tourism and pilgrimage. A key resource for researchers and students of heritage, tourism and pilgrimage, this book will also be of great interest to those studying anthropology, religious studies and related social science subjects. Olsen Korstanje Space for bar code with CABI RELIGIOUS TOURISM AND PILGRIMAGE SERIES ISBN included Dark Tourism and Pilgrimage Dark Tourism and Pilgrimage Edited by Daniel H. Olsen and Maximiliano E. Korstanje CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 745 Atlantic Avenue Wallingford 8th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 T: +1 (617)682-9015 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2020. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Olsen, Daniel H., 1973- editor. | C.A.B. International. Title: Dark tourism and pilgrimage / editors, Daniel H. Olsen, Brigham Young University, Maximiliano E. Korstanje, University of Palermo. Other titles: CABI series in tourism management research. Description: Boston, Massachusetts : CABI, [2019] | Series: CABI series in tourism management research | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019020893 (print) | ISBN 9781789241877 (Hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781789241884 (ePDF) | ISBN 9781789241891 (ePub) Subjects: LCSH: Dark tourism. | Heritage tourism. | Tourism--Social aspects. | Historic sites. | Sacred places. | Pilgrims and pilgrimages. | Collective memory. Classification: LCC G156.5.D37 D374 2019 (print) | LCC G156.5.D37 (ebook) | DDC 338.4/791--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019020893 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019980701 ISBN: 978 1 78924187 7 (hardback) 978 1 78924188 4 (e-pdf) 978 1 78924189 1 (e-pub) Commissioning Editor: Claire Parfitt Editorial Assistant: Lauren Davies Production Editor: Ali Thompson Typeset by Exeter Premedia Services Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Contents Contributors vii Preface xiii Philip R. Stone Section 1: Theories of Dark Tourism and Pilgrimage 1 Negotiating the Intersections between Dark Tourism and Pilgrimage 1 Maximiliano E. Korstanje and Daniel H. Olsen Section 2: Pilgrimage to Dark Tourism Sites 2 Is the ‘Dark’ Still Dark? The Evolution of Dark Tourism and Pilgrimage Destinations 16 Müjde Bideci 3 Interpreting the Sacred in Dark Tourism 25 Nitasha Sharma 4 The Convergence of Dark Tourism and Pilgrimage Tourism: The Case of Phnom Sampeau, Cambodia 38 Geraldine Anne Tan 5 Pilgrimages to Terror: The Role of Heritage in Dark Sites 48 Maximiliano E. Korstanje and Luke Howie 6 Dark Heritage as a Basis for Dark Tourism Development in Slovenia 57 Lea Kužnik and Boža Grafenauer 7 Im(possible) Dark Tourism in Bulgaria 66 Sonia Mileva 8 From Burial Spaces to Pilgrimage Sites: The Changing Role of European Cemeteries 75 Lidija Pliberšek, Nuša Basle and Sonja Sibila Lebe 9 The Sublime Darker Heritage Tourism Aspects at St John’s Co-Cathedral in Valletta, Malta 85 Dane Munro v vi Contents 10 Martyrdom and Dark Tourism in Carthage, Illinois 99 Scott C. Esplin and Daniel H. Olsen 11 Lost in the Sea of Trees: Japan’s Aokigahara, Suicide and Dark Tourism 111 Alissa Burger 12 Recreating the Dead: Darkest Tourism and Pilgrimage in Mormon Handcart Pioneer Trek Re-enactments 119 Julie Hartley-Moore Section 3: Dark Tourism and Pilgimage Experiences 13 Visiting Post-disaster Ruins: A Journey to Meaningful Experiences 130 Yachen Zhang, Alexandra Coghlan and Kathy Knox 14 Museums as In Populo Dark Tourism Sites: A Case Study of Visitor Experience 141 Nigel Bond, Angela Carr and Donna Comtesse 15 The Ten-year Anniversary of the Civil Rights Pilgrimage: An Experiential Exploration into History, Diversity, Equality and Equity 152 Jodi M. Thesing-Ritter, Janna R. Caspersen, Nicholas J. Walkowiak, Jacie L. Jones and Cecelia R. Lewis 16 ‘Though I Walk through the Valley’: Teaching Richard Wright through Experiential Learning 168 Jennifer L. Hayes 17 Dark Tourism or Pilgrimage in the Museum? Considering the Case of Emmett Till’s Casket 176 Matthew Cook 18 Finding Roots: Pop Culture Pilgrimage and the Affective Geographies of Kunta Kinteh Island 185 Katheryn Wright 19 A Mass Grave and a Massacre: Encounters with Remembrances of Death at Wounded Knee, South Dakota 197 Danielle Johannesen 20 Borough of the Dead: The Weight of Hip Hop’s History and Tourism’s Dark Pilgrimage to the Bronx 205 Joseph Donica 21 Dark Visits 216 Stephen Newton 22 Designing Experiences at Holocaust Memorial Sites 224 Peter Ward and Brian Hill Index 247 Contributors Nuša Basle is a doctoral student and teaching assistant in the Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Maribor, Slovenia. Her study and research fields revolved around cultural tourism, including intercultural relations in a multicultural environment, cross-cultural communication and gastronomy tourism. Nuša is actively involved in several research projects, one of them looking at the integration of the two different types of cemeteries in her home city of Maribor into local (cultural) tourism offerings. Müjde Bideci has a PhD in pilgrimage tourism area from Akdeniz University. She is involved in research projects, international conferences, and social and scientific team activities, especially in the tourism area. Her PhD is on pilgrimage tourism experience and developed a scale to measure pilgrim’s experiences. Her core research areas are pilgrimage tourism, cultural heritage concepts by pilgrimage tourism destinations, archaeological sites devoted to pagan pilgrims and dark pilgrimage places (from ancient times to popular ages). She studies the relationship between religion and sexuality in ancient pagan ceremonies that contain both pilgrimage rituals and mortal death customs. She is a member of the Union of Tourist Guiding Associations and also a licensed tourist guide. Email: [email protected] Nigel Bond is Team Leader, Cultural Collections, at the University of Auckland. He has worked in the museum sector for over ten years and has held both museum and academic positions in Australia and New Zealand. He has published in the fields of museum studies, indigenous and religious tourism, and museum education. He has a PhD from the University of Queensland (Australia); his thesis examined contemporary pilgrimage experience and implications for managers of religious heritage sites. Email: [email protected] Alissa Burger is Assistant Professor of English, Culver-Stockton College, Canton, Missouri. She teaches courses in research, writing and literature, including a single-author seminar on Stephen King. She is the author of Teaching Stephen King: Horror, The Supernatural, and New Approaches to Literature (Palgrave, 2016) and The Wizard of Oz as American Myth: A Critical Study of Six Versions of the Story, 1900–2007 (McFarland, 2012) and Editor of the collections Teaching Graphic Novels in the English Classroom: Pedagogical Possibilities of Multimodal Literacy Engagement (Palgrave, 2017) and The Television World of Pushing Daisies: Critical Essays on the Bryan Fuller Series (2011). Email: [email protected] Angela Carr is a Research Fellow, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland. She has some 20 years’ experience working as an applied research and evaluation professional in Australia and New Zealand. This has included evaluation of a wide range of government-, academic- and community-based early intervention, prevention and community development projects. She is committed to evaluation as a process of social and organizational change and a proponent of participatory research methods. She holds a PhD in criminology (Bond University). vii viii Contributors Janna R. Caspersen is currently an Oak Ridge Institute Science and Education (ORISE) Visiting Scientist at the University of Tennessee, Department of Geography.