(c)2019 MAIALEN GOIRIZELAIA ALTUNA Tesi portadan agertzen den irudia gure aitxitxek, Luis Altunak, egin zuen 1937 urtean, italiar hegazkinek Durango bonbardeatu eta bere aita erahil ondoren, ama eta amonarekin Frantziara joan behar izan zuenean. Tesi lan hau ez da bakarrik Espainiar Gudu Zibilean sorterria atzean utzi eta erbestean bizi behar izan zutenei buruz. Lan honetan kabida dute arrazoi desberdinengatik jatorrizko herritik berri batera joan behar izan dutenek, herri garatu eta multikulural bat sortzeko bidean, inoiz euren identitatea ahaztu ez eta loturak mantentzen jarraitzen dutenek. Migrazio mugimenduek mundu global eta konektatu bat sortzen dute, non, batzuk mila kilometrora egon arren, bihotzetik gertu dauden (BTX). *Mila esker portada hau egiteko (eta beste hainbeste gauzetarako) bere den- bora oparitu didan lagun min Ismeneri. The image on the cover was made by our grandfather in 1937, when he found his father dead after the Italian airplanes bombed Durango. Along with his mother and grandmother, he then had to leave the Basque Country for France. This work is not just about those who had to emigrate during the Spanish Civil War and live in exile. It is also about anyone who for any reason had to leave their homeland, but still maintains a connection to their home country and their identity. Migratory movements help in the construction of a global world, in which, even though we are sometimes far away from home, we are connected within our hearts. Zuori, Aita eta Ama Izan ere, “…urrunago ikusteko aukera izan badut, erraldoien sorbaldetan igota nagoelako izan da” -Newton Lan hau aurrera eramateko Euskal Herriko Unibertsitateko euskara errekto- reordetzak eskeintzen duen doktorego aurreko ikertzaileentzako beka bat izan dugu 2015 urteko azarotik 2019 urteko otsailera arte. Bide honetan Bitartez Ikerketa Taldearen laguntza ezinbestekoa izan da, ekarpenak nazioarteko kongresuetan aurkezteko eta argitalpenak aurrera eramateko. Ezin izango nuke inolaz lan hau egin, nire zuzendari den Leire Iturregigatik izango ez balitz, zeinek, beka lortu baino lehenagotik ere, nigan sinesten zuen. Aurkibidea/ Index Eskerrak .................................................................................................................. 15 HASTEKOAK Sarrera LEHEN ATALBURUA Sarrera ..................................................................................................................... 23 1.1 Helburuak ........................................................................................................ 25 1.2 Hipotesiak ......................................................................................................... 26 1.3 Metodologia ..................................................................................................... 27 1.3.1 Datu kualitatiboak 1.3.1.1 Literatura irakurketa, dokumentuak eta artxiboko datuak 1.3.1.2 Sakoneko elkarrizketak Homeland Diaspora Diaspora Homeland 1.3.1.3 Behaketa partehartzailea 1.3.1.4 Diaspora sareen analisia 1.3.2 Datu kuantitatiboak 1.3.2.1 Inkesta 1.4 Gaiaren egoera ................................................................................................. 38 1.4.1 Euskal migrazioa 1.4.2 Diaspora, euskal diaspora, affinity diaspora eta euskal affinity diaspora 1.4.3 Diaspora, harreman publikoak eta diplomazia 1.4.4 Komunikazio (bideak) 1.4.4.1 Homeland diaspora 1.4.4.2 Diaspora homeland 1.5 Lanaren antolaketa .......................................................................................... 59 1.6 Synposis or abridgement in English ............................................................ 61 10 ULERTZEKOAK Theoretical framework CHAPTER 2 Diaspora.................................................................................................................. 81 2.1 From defining just some groups, to the “”diaspora”diaspora” to the lack of an agreed upon definition ................................................................................ 81 2.2 Three different ideas ....................................................................................... 82 2.3 Who is part of a “diaspora” or a “diaspora member”? .............................. 84 2.4 Reasons for migrating create types of diaspora ........................................... 85 2.5 Basque diaspora ............................................................................................... 87 2.5.1 Avoiding use of the word diaspora? ............................................... 89 2.5.2 Introducing the word in our literature ............................................ 90 2.5.3 Adding some types ............................................................................ 90 2.6 Diaspora strategies .......................................................................................... 91 2.6.1 How to connect and the importance of networking...................... 93 2.7 One foot in each country ................................................................................. 94 CHAPTER 3 Public Relations .................................................................................................... 97 3.1 Public Relations to create ................................................................................ 97 3.1.1 Public Relations: second class discipline? ................................... 99 3.1.2 How to obtain what we want ....................................................... 100 3.2 International Public Relations ...................................................................... 101 3.2.1 How to find our place internationally ........................................... 101 CHAPTER 4 From traditional diplomacy to Public Diplomacy ....................................... 103 4.1 The evolution of Public Diplomacy ............................................................. 103 4.1.1 Overcoming the mistrust between countries ........................... 105 4.1.2 Adding new actors and activities................................................... 107 4.1.3 Regions finding their place ........................................................... 108 4.1.4 The role of diasporas in international relations ....................... 109 4.2 Activities ......................................................................................................... 112 4.3 Future diplomacy ........................................................................................... 113 11 AZTERTUTAKOAK: HIRUGARREN ATALA Euskal Herriaren eta kanpoan den Euskal komunitatearen arteko komunikazioaren eta harremanaren eboluzioa BOSTGARREN ATALBURUA Euskal migrazioa eta diaspora ......................................................................... 119 5.1 Euskal migrazioa .......................................................................................... 120 5.1.1 Arrazoiak .......................................................................................... 122 5.1.2 Helmugak ......................................................................................... 125 5.2 Euskaldunak Estatu Batuetan. Datuak: geografikoak ............................. 130 SEIGARREN ATALBURUA Homeland diaspora komunikazioa ................................................................. 135 6.1.Munduan ........................................................................................................ 136 6.1.1 Medio eta Komunikabideak 6.1.2 Gobernua 6.2 Euskal Herrian ............................................................................................... 140 6.2.1 1937-1986: Euskal Herria eraikiz ................................................ 141 6.2.2 1986-1994: Lehen pausuak ........................................................... 147 6.2.3 1994-gaur egun: Estrategia finkatua ......................................... 150 6.2.3.1 Ekimen instituzionalak 6.2.3.2 Komunikabideak a) Telebista: EITB-ren nazioarteko kateak b) Egunkari eta egunkari digitalak c) Medio espezializatua: Euskalkultura.com 6.2.3.3 Dibulgaziorako lanak ........................................................ 175 6.2.3.4 Teknologia berriak ............................................................ 180 ZAZPIGARREN ATALBURUA Diaspora homeland komunikazioa ................................................................. 189 7.1 Munduan ........................................................................................................ 189 7.1.1 Diaspora elkarteak ........................................................................... 190 7.1.2 Diaspora ekintzak ............................................................................ 191 7.1.3 Diaspora medioak ............................................................................ 192 7.2 Euskal Herrian ............................................................................................... 193 7.2.1 Komunikazio eta medioak .............................................................. 193 a) Aldizkariak, irratiak, telebista eta medio digitalak b) Internet eta sare sozialak 7.2.2 Harremana mantendu, askotan harreman publikoen bidez ...... 207 7.2.2.1 Diaspora elkarteak: kofradiak, boarding houseak, Euskal etxeak eta frontoiak 12 7.2.2.2 Diaspora ekintzak: jaialdiak, udalekuak, eskolak eta diaspora sareak Jaialdiak a) The Western Basque Festival: “A profitable event” b) Holiday Basque Festival: “Seeds for the future” c) Boiseko Jaialdia: “The new Mecca for the Bas- ques” d) Smithsonian Folklife Festival: “Promoting the Basque Country” e) New London Basque Festival: “Never forget where you come from” Udalekuak 7.3 Hirugarren
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