Sustainable Development in the 21st century (SD21) Review of Implementation of the Rio Principles Detailed review of implementation of the Rio Principles Study prepared by the Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future December 2011 Design by formatoverde.pt All photographs by © United Nations Acknowledgements This study is part of the Sustainable Development in the 21st century (SD21) project. The project is implemented by the Division for Sustainable Development of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and funded by the European Commission - Directorate- General for Environment - Thematic Programme for Environment and sustainable management of Natural Resources, including energy (ENRTP). Support from the European Commission is gratefully acknowledged. The study was carried out by Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future (SF), under the supervision of David Le Blanc (UN-DESA). Within SF, Kirsty Schneeberger, Hannah Stoddart and Farooq Ullah participated in the editorial team. Contributors on individual chapters of the report were Nicholas Allen, Margaret Araujo Dantas, Isabel Bottoms, Robert Clews, Amy Cutter, Beth Harrison, Ian Fenn, Paul Heigl, Emma Mullins, Maliha Muzammil, Emma Norris, Nicola Peart, Kirsty Schneeberger, Andrew Shaw, and Sara Svensson. Claire Fellini (UN-DESA) prepared the manuscript. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the United nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Acknowledgements | Review of Implementation of the Rio Principles PAGE III Contents Acknowledgements .................................................. III Introduction ............................................................ 1 Principle 1 ................................................................. 4 Principle 2 ............................................................... 13 Principle 3 ............................................................... 19 Principle 4 ............................................................... 30 Principle 5 ............................................................... 35 Principle 6 ............................................................... 42 Principle 7 ............................................................... 52 Principle 8 ................................................................. 57 Principle 9 ............................................................... 62 Principle 10 ............................................................. 67 Principle 11 .............................................................. 74 Principle 12 ............................................................... 78 Principle 13 ............................................................. 82 Principle 14 ............................................................... 87 Principle 15 .............................................................. 92 Principle 16 ............................................................. 98 Principle 17 .............................................................. 104 Principle 18 ............................................................... 111 Principle 19 ............................................................. 119 Principle 20 ............................................................. 126 Principle 21 .............................................................. 133 Principle 22 ............................................................. 139 Principle 23 .............................................................. 146 Principle 24 .............................................................. 151 Principle 25 .............................................................. 155 Principle 26 .............................................................. 161 Principle 27 .............................................................. 166 Endnotes ................................................................ 172 PAGE IV Review of Implementation of the Rio Principles | Contents Introduction in the implementation of some of the Rio outcomes, specifically, Agenda 21 and the Rio Principles. This report is one of three companion reports produced under the first study The study comprises of three outputs: of the “Sustainable development • Detailed review of progress in implementation of the in the 21st century” (SD21) project, Rio Principles an undertaking of the Division for • Detailed review of implementation of Agenda 21 • Synthesis report on implementation of Agenda 21 and Sustainable Development of the United the Rio Principles. Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). Implementation of the Rio Principles The overarching objective of the SD21 The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, project is to construct a coherent vision adopted by 178 Member States in 1992 at the Earth Summit, was at the time perceived as a progressive of sustainable development in the 21st statement by all nations that enshrined the recognition century. The project, funded by the of the indivisibility of the fate of mankind from that of European Commission - Directorate- the Earth, and established sustainable development in international law. General for Environment, aims to provide a high quality analytical input The Declaration, a compact set of 27 principles, promoted to the Rio+20 conference. principles such as the centrality of human beings to the concerns of sustainable development (Principle 1); the The United Nations Conference on Sustainable primacy of poverty eradication (Principle 5); the importance Development (UNCSD), which will gather UN member of the environment for current and future generations and states and other stakeholders in Brazil in 2012, is a key its equal footing with development (Principles 3 and 4); occasion to take stock of 20 years of action at all levels the special consideration given to developing countries to promote sustainable development, and to provide (Principle 6); the principle of common but differentiated a clear vision and way forward for the international responsibilities (CBDR, Principle 7). It also enshrined community, national governments, partnerships and the two critical economic principles of polluter pays other stakeholders in implementing the sustainable (Principle 16) and precautionary approach (Principle 15). development agenda in an integrated manner. It introduced principles relating to participation and the importance of specific groups for sustainable development The SD21 project is built around a series of studies (Principles 10, 20, 21, 22). Lastly, it requested Member that will inform a synthesis report, “Sustainable states to put in place adequate legislative instruments to development in the 21st century” (SD21). The SD21 body address environmental issues. of studies is expected to become an important analytical contribution in its own right. Studies under the SD21 A review of the Rio principles was conducted by the UN project will cover the following topics: assessment of Division for Sustainable Development for the 5th session progress since the Earth Summit; emerging issues; of CSD in 1997 (“Rio+5”). Some of the principles have long-term sustainable development scenarios; tools given rise to considerable amount of literature. While the for managing sustainable economies; national and underlying causes for the success of specific principles international institutions for sustainable development; may be understood by experts in various fields of and sector assessments. international law and sustainable development, a short and simple but all-encompassing summary seems to be Implementation of Agenda 21 and progress missing. Yet, understanding why some of the principles in implementation of the Rio principles have not succeeded in passing the test of inclusion in international and national law, or at least become Twenty years after the Rio summit, this first study aims the basis for accepted normal practices is critical to to provide an assessment of the progress and gaps made furthering sustainable development. Introduction | Review of Implementation of the Rio Principles PAGE 1 This study provides a systematic assessment of the state AGENDA 21 AND RIO PRINCIPLES DRAFTING of implementation of the 27 Rio Principles; based on TEMPLATE this individual assessment, it will also provide a general assessment and distil some lessons for further progress. Introduction This section should set the context, why the principle The reader is invited to access the two other reports is important, what factors gave rise to it. produced under this study, namely the detailed review of implementation of Agenda 21 and the synthesis report Implementation on implementation of Agenda 21 and the Rio Principles. This section should analyze the status of implementation of the principle globally, including the following: Methodology • A broad and brief analysis of global implementation i.e. how prevalent the principle is in global and national decision-making, policy and law, the main drivers The Division for Sustainable Development commissioned • Examples of regional and national implementation Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future (SF) to (specific case studies only, a full-scale analysis of undertake this review to provide an assessment of the national implementation will not be possible) progress and gaps made in the implementation of two • Examples of global, regional and national